40 GEOGRAPHY. 



on the stage, the main army under Godfrey of Bouillon, and his brother 



Baldwin of Flanders ; Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois and brother 



of the King of France ; Duke Robert of Normandy, son of William, King of 



England ; Count Raymond of Toulouse ; Count Robert of Flanders ; Count 



Stephen of Blois ; Bohemund, Prince of Tarent, son of Robert Guiscard. 



&c. Godfrey of Bouillon, with his two brothers, Baldwin and Eustachius, 



set out on the 15th of August, 1096, and marched through South Germany 



and Hungary towards Thrace : Count Hugo of Vermandois, however, 



passed through Italy, and suffered shipwreck on the coast of Greece, 



thereby losing the greater part of his forces ; the other leaders, with their 



divisions, followed subsequently. In May, 1097, the whole army, with its 



baggage, was collected before Nicaea in Bithynia, vv'hich soon surrendered. 



A victory at Dorylseum opened the way to Syria. Baldwin went towards 



the Euphrates, and established a sovereignty in Edessa, while the other 



crusaders besieged Antioch, gaining possession of the city on the 3d June, 



1098, after a siege of nine months. The crusaders set out for Jerusalem in 



May, 1099, passing between Lebanon and the coast, and subjugating the 



Turkish Emirs of Tripolis, Tyre, Sidon, Ptolemais, and Caesarea. They 



first beheld Jerusalem, on the 6th of June, 1099, and on the 15th of July 



the city was taken by storm. A Christian state was then established, and 



Godfrev of Bouillon chosen as its head, who maintained it at the siege of 



Askalon against the Sultan of Egypt. At the same time, Tancred set up 



a government in Tiberias, Raymond of Toulouse one in Laodicea, &c. 



The harbors of Ptolemais, Tripolis, and Sidon, were subsequently taken, 



with the assistance of the Genoese, and afterwards Tyre also. In 1144, the 



Christians lost Edessa, the bulwark of their dominion in Asia; this started 



the second crusade, preached by Abbot Bernard of Clairveaux. 



The second crusade commenced in 1147. At its head were the Emperor 

 Conrad III., and King Louis of France ; who were followed by 140,000 

 knights and about a million of foot. The German army set out in the 

 spring of this year, and passing through Hungary and Greece, sailed across 

 to Asia. Conrad selected the shortest but more dangerous way through 

 Iconium ; but the incessant attacks of the Turks wasted away his army, and 

 with but a feeble force he escaped to Constantinople. Louis, who started 

 later, reached Attalea in Pamphylia, with but a small part of his force, with 

 which he set out for Antioch. Meeting with Conrad and Baldwin III., they 

 laid siege to Damascus in 1148, which, however, remained unsubdued. In 

 1149, the European princes returned to their homes. 



The third and fourth crusades were incited by the capture of Jerusalem 

 by Saladin, in 1187, after having previously taken Sidon, Joppe, Berytus, 

 Ptolemais, &c., and conquering the Christian army under Guido, at the 

 battle of Tiberias. This time, the cross was taken up by Frederick I., 

 Henry II. of England (who, dying soon after, his place was supplied by his 

 son Richard the Lion- Hearted), and Philip Augustus of France. In January, 

 1189, the German army set out from Ratisbon : the emperor being accom- 

 panied by his second son Duke Frederick of Swabia, as also by Duke 

 Berthold of Meran, and Ottokar of Styria, Markgrave Herman of Baden, 

 40 



