GEOGRAPHY. 7 



the Swiss lowlands, the latter the plain of Munich) ; c, from Linz to the 

 Lake of Neusiedel ; d, the valley of the Theiss or the great Hungarian 

 plain, 1728 miles long in a direction from north to south, and 1152 from 

 east to west, and in all probability the bed of a former lake. 3. The plains 

 within the circle of mountains from the Cevennes to the Carpathians, including 

 the plains of the middle Rhine and the Bohemian Elbkcssel. 4. The great 

 lowlands of eastern Europe, with their western off-shoots, the plains of tiio 

 Baltic and North Sea. The whole of eastern Europe constitutes a single 

 immense plain, extending from the Arctic Ocean and the Baltic to the Black 

 and Caspian seas, and bounded to the east by the Ural Mountains. No 

 point of this depression (as shown in Plate 1) is more than 180 toises or 1150 

 feet above the level of the sea ; the highest known point is the Thurmberg, 

 between Dantzic and BLitow. In Russia the plain rises not far from the town 

 of Waldai, into the so called plateau of Waldai, to a height of about 1080 feet. 

 This is important as the water-shed betw^een the Black and Caspian seas and 

 the Baltic. 



The Rivers of Europe may be best examined according to the seas into 

 which they empty. 



I. Into the Arctic Ocean empty : Petschora, Mezen, Dwina (in Russia), 

 and Tanaelf, the latter forming the boundary between Lapland and 

 Norway. 



II. Into the Cattegat empty : Glommen and Gotaelf. 



III. Into the Baltic there empty : Motalaelf, Lake Malar (with its outlets, 

 Norcder and Siiderstrom), Dalelf, Angermanelf, Piteaelf, Luleaelf, Torneaelf, 

 in Sweden ; Kymmene in Finland ; Newa, Narowa (Narwa), Diina or Dwina 

 in Russia ; Niemen (Memel), Pregel, Passarge, Weichsel, Persante, Oder, 

 Warnow, Trave, in Germany. 



IV. Into the North Sea empty: Eider, Elbe, Weser, Ems, Hunte, 

 Vechte, in Germany ; Rhine, Maas, and Scheld, in the Netherlands. The 

 most important branches of the Elbe are, on the right bank, Iser, Black 

 Elster, Havel, Elde ; on the left, Moldau, Eger, Mulde, Saale. The tribu- 

 taries of the Weser, besides the Fulda and Werra by whose confluence it is 

 formed, are : to the right, Aller with the Leine ; to the left, Diemel and 

 Hunte. Tributaries of the Rhine are : to the right Plessur, 111, Treisam, 

 Kinzig, Murg, Neckar, Main, Lahn, Sieg, Wipper, Ruhr, Lippe ; to the 

 left, Thur, Aar, 111, Queich, Nahe, Moselle, Ahr, Erfft. In the' Netherlands 

 the Rhine divides into the Waal, the Yssel, the Leek, the Vecht, and the old 

 Rhine. 



V. Of the rivers of Great Britain, there empty into the North Sea : the 

 Thames, Ouse, Humber, Tweed, Forth, and Tay ; the Clyde and Mersey into 

 the Irish Channel ; the Severn and the Shannon, the latter the principal river 

 of Ireland, into the Atlantic. 



VI. The Seine and the Somme empty into the English Channel. 



YII. Rivers of France emptying into the Atlantic are : the Loire, Charente, 

 Garonne, Adour, Bidassoa ; those of Portugal are the Minho, Douro, and 

 Tajo or Tagiis ; of Spain, the Guadiana and Guadalquivir. 



VIII. There empty into the Mediterranean : 1, on the east coast of Spain, 



