GEOGRAPHY. 41 



Counts Adolf of Holstein and Rupert of Nassau, the Bishops of Wiirzburg, 

 Miinster, Osnabriick, Meissen, and others. The route through the Grecian 

 empire had to be forced at the point of the sword, and the Emperor 

 Frederick reduced PhilippopoHs, Adrianople, NicopoHs, Demotica, &c., 

 until the Greek Emperor, in March, 1190, granted the right of way. The 

 army crossed the Hellespont to Asia in Grecian ships, and May 17, attacked 

 the residence of the faithless Sultan of Iconium, passing then through 

 Cilicia to the city of Seleucia on the River Calycadnus : here the emperor, 

 having imprudently thrown himself into the water, was drowned by the 

 torrent on the 10th of June, 1190. His army then passed by Tarsus, 

 Antioch, and Tyre, to Ptolemais, which had been besieged since 1189, by 

 King Guido. The kings of France and England went to Palestine by sea. 

 Philip Augustus, accompanied by Duke Hugo III. of Burgundy, the Counts 

 of Poitou, Flanders, Blois, Perche, Rochefort, Champagne, Sancerre, Dreux, 

 Clermont, Soissons, Vendome, &c., sailed in the summer of 1190 from Genoa, 

 and King Richard of England from Marseilles. In Messina, the armies of 

 both united, and after spending the winter in Sicily, landed near Ptolemais, 

 in April and June, 1191, this place capitulating on the 13th July, 1191. 

 The titular king of Jerusalem, Guido of Lusignan, transferred his claim to 

 Jerusalem, to Count Henry of Champagne, nephew of King Richard, 

 himself establishing a new kingdom on the Island of Cyprus, which lasted 

 nearly three hundred years. In September, 1192, Richard returned to 

 Europe : Philip Augustus, as well as the German army, had left long before. 

 ► The Emperor Frederick II. undertook the fifth crusade. This prince had 

 made a vow to that effect on ascending the throne, to which he was doubly 

 pledged, having married the daughter of the titular king of Jerusalem (the 

 Count of Brienne), and having himself assumed the title of king of Jerusalem. 

 His expedition of 1227 was a failure, but in 1228 it w^as again repeated, and 

 the emperor made a successful debarkation at Ptolemais, reached Joppe in 

 November, and in February 18, 1229, concluded a truce of ten years with 

 the Sultan of Egypt ; in this time, Jerusalem, and most of the region 

 belonging to it, fell into the hands of Frederick. This monarch entered 

 Jerusalem, placed the crown on his own head on the 18th of March, and 

 b}^ the end of May, returned to Brundusium. Jerusalem was again lost in 

 1244, by the inroads of a troop of Chowaresmians, who fled before the 

 Mongols. 



The sixth crusade was undertaken by Louis IX. of France, in 1248. On 

 the 25th of August, the crusaders embarked at Aigues-Mortes, and reached 

 Cyprus by the middle of September : here they remained until the spring 

 of 1249. After Pentecost, 1249, the army anchored before Damietta, and 

 captured the town. Here it remained until the 20th of November, when 

 it set out along the Nile for Cairo. This city, however, was never reached, 

 the whole French army, with its king, having been taken prisoners in April, 

 1250. In consequence of a treaty of peace with the Sultan, Louis returned to 

 Damietta, went thence to Ptolemais, and finally returned to Europe, in 

 April, 1254. A second crusade, undertaken by Louis, in 1270, became 

 converted into an expedition against Tunis. 



41 



