48 GEOGRAPHY. 



Islands of Malta, Gozzo, and Comino, possessed by the Order of Knights 

 of St. John, to whom they had been given by Charles V. 



SPECIAL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

 I. Europe {Plate 14). 



The greater portion of the population of Europe belongs to the Indo- 

 European race, and is divisible into the following families : 1, the Germanic 

 or Teutonic, over sixty millions, in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, 

 Great Britain, Denmark, Scandinavia, &lc. ; 2, the Grseco-Latinic, over 

 seventy-two millions, in Greece, Turkey, Italy, Switzerland, France, Spain, 

 Portugal : 3, the Slavonian, over seventy-eight millions, in Russia, Poland, 

 Germany, Hungary, Turkey, &c. 



Less numerous families are the Celtic (about nine millions, in Ireland, 

 Scotland, and Wales) ; the Lettonian (Lithuania, Livonia, Esthonia, about 

 two millions), the Semitic (two millions and a half, Israelites, and 60,000 

 Moriscoes, or descendants of the Spanish Moors), the Basques in Spain, 

 and the Gipsies or Zigeuni (300,000). 



To the Tartar stock belong the Turks (about two millions), and the 

 Tartars (in Russia). 



To the Ural stock belong the Finns (with the Lapps) and the Hungarians 

 or Magyars (about eight millions in all). 



In its political division, Europe embraces fifty-five independent states, 

 namely : 1. Three empires : Russia, Austria, and Turkey. 2. Fifteen king- 

 doms : Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, 

 Sweden and Norway, Denmark, Prussia, Hanover, Saxony, Bavaria, 

 Wiirtemberg, Sardinia, the two Sicilies, and Greece. 3. The Papal States. 

 4. One Electorate : Hesse-Cassel. 5. Seven Grand Duchies : Tuscany, 

 Baden, Oldenburg, Hesse Darmstadt, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg- 

 Strelitz, Saxe- Weimar. 6. Nine Duchies : Nassau, Brunswick, Anhalt- 

 Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, with Kothen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg- 

 Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, Parma, Modena. 7. Ten Princi- 

 palities : two Schwartzburg, two Lippe, two Hohenzollern, two Reuss, 

 Waldeck, Liechtenstein. 8. One Landgraviate : Hesse-Homburg. 9. Eight 

 Republics : France, Switzerland, Hamburg, Bremen, Liibeck, Frankfort on 

 the Maine, San Marino, and the Ionian Islands. 



To these should properly be added the semi-sovereign states of Servia, 

 Moldavia, Wallachia, the Republic of Andorra in the Pyrenees, &c. 



1. Portugal {Plate 21). 



Portugal extends from 6° 15' to 9° 30' longitude west of Greenwich 

 (8^ 9' to 12° longitude east of Ferro, as given in the map), and from 



48 



