66 GEOGRAPHY. 



(Laval); 51, Meurthe (Nancy); 52, Maas (Bar-le-Duc) ; 53, Morbihan 

 (Vannes) ; 54, Mosel (Metz) ; 55, Nievre (Nevers) , 56, Norden (Lille) ; 

 57, Cotes du Nord (Saint-Brieuc) ; 58, Oise (Beauvais) ; 59, Orne (Alen^on) ; 

 61), Pas de Calais (Arras) ; 61, Puy-de-D6me (Clermont-Ferrand) ; 62, 

 Lower Pyrenees (Pau) ; 63, Upper Pyrenees (Tarbes) ; 64, East Pyrenees 

 (Perpignan) ; 65, Lower Rhine (Strasburg) ; 66, Upper Rhine (Colmar) ; 

 67, Rhone (Lyon) ; 68, Mouths of the Rhone (Marseilles) ; 69, Upper Saone 

 (Vesoul) ; 70, Saone-Loire (Macon) ; 71, Sarthe (Le Mans) ; 72, Seine 

 (Paris) ; 73, Lower Seine (Rouen) ; 74, Seine-Marne (Melun) ; 75, Seine- 

 Oise (Versailles) ; 76, Deux Sevres (Niort) ; 77, Somme (Amiens) ; 78, 

 Tarn (Alby) ; 79, Tarn-Garonne (Montauban) ; 80, Var (Draguignan) ; 81, 

 Vaucluse (Avignon) ; 82, Vendee (Bourbon- Vendee) ; 83, Vienne (Poitiers) ; 

 84, Upper Vienne (Limoges) ; 85, Vosges (Epinal) ; 86, Yonne (Auxerre). 

 Foreign possessions of France. 1. In Asia : Pondicherry, Carical, Mahe, 

 Chandernagore, and Yanoon in the East Indies, with 168,000 inhabitants. 

 2. In Africa : settlements in Senegal, with the islands St. Louis and Goree, 

 with 20,000 inhabitants; island of Bourbon or Reunion, with 107,000 

 inhabitants ; St. Maria de Madagascar, population 5000 ; Algiers, with a 

 European population of 113,000 in 1847. 3. In America: of the Lesser 

 Antilles, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Maria Galante, Desirade, and the Saints' 

 group, altogether with 256,000 inhabitants. In South America : a part of 

 Guiana, with the island of Cayenne, pop. 36,000. In North America : the 

 islands St. Pierre and Miquelon in Newfoundland, pop. 1500. 4. In 

 Australia : the Marquesas Islands, pop. 20,000. The extra-European 

 dominions of France may be estimated at above 90,000 square 

 geographical miles. 



4. Switzerland (Plate 18). 



Switzerland is bounded by France, Germany, and Italy, which inclose it 

 on all sides ; France on the west, Germany on the north and east, the 

 Italian states, Milan, Piedmont, and Savoy on the south. It is situated 

 nearly between 46° and 48° N. lat., and 6° and 10° 30' of longitude east of 

 Greenwich. It is about 200 miles long, 140 broad, and comprises an area 

 of 15,000 square statute miles. 



The surface of Switzerland consists almost entirely of mountains and 

 lakes. The Alpine chains are separated by deep valleys and narrow plains, 

 which form the beds of large rivers, or the basins of extensive lakes. The 

 mountain system of Switzerland may be reduced to those of the Alps and 

 the Jura, with the intermediate high lands. The St. Gothard forms the 

 centre of the Alps, and from this radiate five main chains : 1. The Lepontine 

 Alps to Monte-Rosa (15,210 feet high), and the Pennine Alps from this tn 

 the Great St. Bernard. 2. The Bernese Alps from the Grimsel to the 

 Jorat in the Canton Vaud (highest peaks, the Jungfrau. 13,672, the Finster- 

 aarhorn, 14,026). 3. Lepontine-Rhsetian Alps in the Grisons and in Valais 

 (Vogelsberg, Bernhardin, Spliigen, &c). 4. The Alps running to the north- 

 east in East Uri, Glarus, St. Gallen, Appenzell, Schwyz. 5. The Unter- 

 56 



