GEOGRAPHY. 69 



I. Christiania, with the capital Christiania, also called Oploe (pop. 25,000), 

 with the amts, Hedermarken, Aggerhuus, Smaalehnen, Christians-amt, 

 Buskerud, Brodsberg, and Jarlsberg-Laurvig. 



II. Christiansand, with the amts, Stavanger, Mandal, and Nedenas. 



III. Bergen, with the amts, South and North Bergenhuus. 



IV^. Trondhjem or Drontheim, with the amts, Romsdal, S. and N. 

 Drontheim, Nordland, and Finmarken. The latter, the northern part of 

 the kingdom, contains innumerable islands. To Nordland belong the 

 Loffoden Islands, with a population of 8000, divided into the fogderies 

 LofFoden and Westeraalen. 



10. Russia (Plate 25). 



The Russian monarchy, in three continents, Europe, Asia, and America, 

 ,s included between the meridians of 21° and 220^ E. from Greenwich, 

 equal in the latitude of the Arctic circle to 7590 statute miles, and between 

 the parallels of 38° 40' and 78° N. lat. This immense extent is divided by 

 Behring's Strait into two distinct portions, the eastern of which forms the 

 north-west point of America. Of the larger, or European and Asiatic 

 portion, the breadth varies from 1900 to 460 miles, giving an area of 

 3,409,000 square geographical miles, or 4,740,000 square statute miles : it is 

 bounded on the north by Norway and the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the 

 Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Chinese empire, Tartary, the Caspian 

 Sea, Asiatic and European Turkey, the sea of Azof, the Black Sea, and 

 Austria (Galicia), and on the west by Moldavia, Austria, Prussia, the 

 Baltic, Sweden, and Norway. 



By far the most important mountain range is that of the Ural, on the 

 boundary between Europe and Asia. This is nearly 1400 miles long, and 

 in Kamen Peak reaches a height of 5,397 feet. There are no mountains 

 in the interior ; nevertheless, the great Sarmatian plain is interrupted by two 

 elevations, the Baltic Ural in the north, and the Carpathian Ural in the south, 

 which begins even in Germany. A mountain range in the Crimea attains 

 an elevation of over 5000 feet, in Tschatirdag. In South Russia are vast 

 woodless steppes or plains, and in Lithuania extended marshes. 



The waters of Russia are exceedingly numerous. The principal rivers 

 are : of those emptying into the Arctic Ocean, the Petschora, the Mesen, 

 the Northern Dwina, formed by the union of the Jug and the Suchona, and 

 the Onega ; into the Baltic empty, the Kymen, the Neva, the Narowa, the 

 Pernau, the Dwina, the Niemen (called Memel after its entrance into 

 Prussia), the Weichsel (belonging to Prussia in its lower part) ; into the 

 Black Sea and Sea of Azof, the Danube, the Dniester, the Dnieper (with 

 the Beresina, the Southern Bug, &c ), the Don, and the Kuban ; into the 

 Caspian Sea, the Wolga, the largest stream in Europe, and the Ural. 

 Besides these, Russia possesses some important canals, which serve to unite 

 the White and Caspian Seas, the Baltic and the Black Seas. There are 

 also numerous lakes. The Ladoga is the largest not only in Russia, but in 



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