GEOGRAPHY. 77 



Sardinia from 23,000 to 24,000 Waldenses. Popular education, excepting in 

 the Lombardo- Venetian and Tuscan kingdoms, is in rather a low state. 

 The culture of grain and the olive is most successful in the north, where 

 also thQ silkworm and the products of mining are of importance. The 

 manufactured products are silks, glass ware, mirrors, porcelain, soap, paper, 

 gloves, essences, &c. Trade is extensively prosecuted, being greatly favored 

 by the position of the country, but commerce is mostly in the hands of 

 foreigners, and internal traffic thrives only in Upper Italy, where there are 

 excellent roads and numerous canals. 



Italy contains three kingdoms : the Lombardo-Venetian (under Austrian 

 sway), Sardinia, and the two Sicilies ; one Grand Duchy, Tuscany ; the 

 Papal States ; two Duchies, Modena and Parma ; one republic, San 

 Marino ; and finally two islands, Corsica and Malta, belonging respectively 

 to France and England. 



I. The Lomhar do -Venetian Kingdom (see Austria). 



II. Kingdom of Sardinia. This state, with an area of 29,534 English 

 square miles, contains 4,650,000 inhabitants (according to the census 

 of 1839). The present king, Victor Emanuel II. (born 1820), of the 

 House of Savoy-Carignan, has ruled since 1849, and according to the 

 constitution of March 5th, 1848. According to this, the crown shares the 

 lawgiving power with two chambers, a senate (the members chosen 

 by the king), and an elective chamber. The land forces amount, on the 

 peace establishment, to 37,500 men, and on the war, to 146,000 ; the navy, 

 to four frigates, four steamboats, three brigantines, &c., in all seventy- 

 seven vessels of war. 



Divisions. The state is divided into the provinces of the mainland, with 

 4,125,000 inhabitants, and the island of Sardinia with 525,000. The former 

 consist of the Principality of Piedmont, the Duchies of Savoy, Montserrat, 

 and Genoa, a portion of Milan, and the county of Nice (Nizza) ; these are 

 divided into eight circles, all of which, excepting Savoy, are named after 

 their chief towns : 1, Turin, with the capital and royal residence, containing 

 125,000 inhabitants ; 2, Cuneo or Coni, the southern part of Piedmont ; 3, 

 Savoy, with the capital Chambery ; 4, Alessandria, and 5, Novara (the 

 Sardinian portion of Milan) ; 6, Aosta, the northern part of Piedmont ; 7, 

 Nice ; 8, Genoa, with the island of Capraia, not far from the coast of 

 Tuscany. 



The island of Sardinia (cap. Cagliari) is ruled by a vice-king, and is 

 divided into the circles, Caghari, Sassari, and Nuoro. 



III. The Duchy of Parma. The Duchy of Parma is surrounded by 

 Sardinia, Lombardy, Modena, and Tuscany, and has about 500,000 

 inhabitants, on an area of about 1760 square geographical miles. The 

 present king, Charles III., of a Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon, 

 has ruled since 1849. The country consists of the Duchies of Parma 

 (cap, Parma, with 40,000 inhabitants) and Piacenza, to which were added, 

 in 1848, the districts of Pontremoli, Bagnone, Villafranca, &c., derived 

 partly from Modena, partly from Tuscany. 



IV. Duchy of Modena. This is surrounded by Lombardy, Parma, the 



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