78 GEOGRAPHY. 



Papal States, and by Tuscany, and possesses an area of 1672 square 

 geographical miles, with a pop. of 500,000. 



The present duke, Francis V., from a branch of the House of Austria, has 

 reigned since 1846. The land consists of the four Duchies of Modena 

 (with the capital and royal residence of the same name, pop. 27,000), 

 Reggio, Guastalla (separated from Parma in 1848), and Massa. 



V. Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Tuscany is bounded on the north 

 by Modena and the Papal States, east and south-east likewise by 

 the Papal States, and on the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea. With an 

 area of 6880 square geographical miles, it has a population of 1,800,000, 

 The present grand duke, Leopold II. (born in 1797) of a branch of 

 the House of Austria, has reigned since 1824. The government is a 

 constitutional monarchy, according to the constitution of 15th February, 

 1848. The lawgiving power is shared by the prince with two chambers, 

 of which the first consists of members chosen for life by the grand 

 duke, the second of members elected by the people. The revenues 

 of the state amount to twenty-five millions of lira or 3,875,000 dollars. 

 The forces embrace 5500 men. According to the earlier arrangements, 

 the land was divided into five compartimentos or circles, named after 

 the chief towns : Florence (with the capital and royal residence, containing 

 102,000 inhabitants), Pisa (with the island Elba), Siena, Arezzo, and 

 Grossetto : to these Lucca has been added since 1848, with 170,000 

 inhabitants. 



' VI. The Papal States. The Papal States, with an area of about 

 12,000 square geographical miles, contain three millions of inhabitants. 

 The present pope, Pius IX., of the family of Mastai-Ferrenti, born in 

 1792, has reigned since 1846. The form of government was an absolute 

 monarchy, up to 1848 ; then for a short time a constitutional monarchy, 

 until the proclaiming of a Roman Republic, February 9th, 1849 ; since 

 the downfall of which latter, it has again become an absolute monarchy. 

 The revenues, before the breaking out of the Revolution, amounted to 

 9,600,000 scudi, or to the same number of American dollars. The 

 papal army is at present entirely disbanded. Since 1831, the land has 

 been divided into one comarca, Rome, with the capital ^nd royal 

 residence of the same name (170,000 inhabitants) ; six legations, named 

 according to the principal towns : Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, Ravenna, 

 Urbino (with Pesaro), and Velletri ; and thirteen delegations, likewise 

 named after the principal towns : Ancona, Macerata, Camerino, Fermo, 

 Ascoli, Perugia, Spoleto, Rieti, Viterbo, Orvieto, Frosinone, Civita-Vecchia, 

 and Benevento. 



VII. The Republic of San-Marino. This small republic lies within 

 the boundaries of the Papal States. It possesses a population of about 

 7600, on an area of about twenty square miles. The chief town contains 

 5500 inhabitants. At the head of the state stand two capitani regenti, 

 elected for six months. 



VIII. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. This constitutes the southern 

 part of Italy, and contains 8,423,060 inhabitants to an area of about 



IS 



