86 GEOGRAPHY. 



The individual states of Germany, omitting those ah'eady mentioned 

 under the heads of Austria and Prussia, are as follows : 



I. Khigdom of Bavaria, with 22,304 square geographical .miles, pop. 

 4,504,874. Maximilian 11. (born 1811), king since 1848. Annual revenues 

 about thirty-two millions of gulden (over twelve millions of dollars). Army, 

 76,294 men. Divided into six circles : Upper Bavaria, cap. Munich, with 

 113,000 inhabitants; Lower Bavaria, cap. Passau ; Palatinate, cap. Speier ; 

 Upper Palatinate and Regensburg, cap. Regensburg (Ratisbon) ; Upper 

 Franconia, cap. Baireuth ; Middle Franconia, cap. Ansbach ; Lower 

 Franconia and Aschaifenburg, cap. Wiirzburg. 



II. Kingdom of Saxony, area 4352 square geographical miles, pop. 1,836,433. 

 Frederick Augustus II., king since 1836. Constitution of September 4, 1831. 

 Annual revenues, 4,200,000 dollars (American). Army formerly of 16,355 

 men : at present it is to consist of two per cent, of the population. Divided 

 into five circles : Meissen (cap. Dresden, pop. 89,000), Leipzig (cap. Leipzig, 

 pop. 60,000), Erzgebirge (cap. Freiberg, pop. 12,000), Voigtland (cap. Plauen. 

 pop. 10,000), and Lausitz (cap. Bautzen, pop. 8000). 



III. Kingdom of JViirtember^g, area 5760 square geographical miles, pop. 

 1,743,827. William I. (born 1781), king since 1816. Constitution dates from 

 25th Sept., 1819, but is shortly to be revised. Revenues, sixteen millions and 

 ahalf of gulden (nearly $7,000,000). Army 19,000 (war footing) . Divided into 

 four circles : circles of the Neckar (cap. Stuttgardt, pop. 47,000) ; Schwartz- 

 wald (cap. Reutlingen) ; Jaxt (cap. EUwangen) ; and Danube (cap. Ulm). 



IV. Kingdom of Hanover, area 11,184 square geographical miles, pop. 

 1,758,847; revenues, five millions of dollars. Army of 21,200 men. The 

 constitutional law of 6th August, 1848, has been essentially changed by the 

 law of 5th September, 1848. Ernest August (born 1771) has ruled since 

 1837. Divided into six Landdrosteis : Hanover (cap. Hanover, pop. 38,000), 

 Hildesheim, Liineburg, Stade, Osnabriick, and Aurich. 



V. Grand Duchy of Baden, area 4448 square geographical miles, pop, 

 1,349,930. Leopold, Grand Duke since 1830. Present constitution from 

 22d August, 1818. Revenues, about twenty-five millions of florins (ten 

 millions of dollars). The land is divided into four circles : Middle Rhine 

 (cap. Carlsruhe, with 25,000 inhabitants) ; Upper Rhine (cap. Freiburg), 

 Seekreis (cap. Constance), Lower Rhine (cap. Mannheim). 



VI. Electorate of Hesse, area 3344 square geographical miles, pop. 

 732,000. Frederick William I. (born 1802), elector since 1847. Settled 

 constitution since January 8, 1831. Revenues, about 2,900,000 dollars. 

 The land is divided into four provinces : Lower Hesse (cap. Cassel, pop. 

 35,000) ; Upper Hesse (cap. Marburg) ; Fulda, and Hanau. 



VII. Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, area 2832 square geographical 

 miles, pop. 853,000. Ludwig III. (born 1806), Grand Duke since 1848. 

 Constitution of 17th December, 1820. Revenues, 7,800,000 florins. 

 Divided into three provinces : Starkenburg (cap. Darmstadt, pop. 30,000) ; 

 Rhine-Hesse (cap. Mayence) ; Upper Hesse (cap. Giessen). 



VIII. Grand Duchy of Holstein and Lauenhurg, with an area of 2800 

 square geographical miles, and pop. 526,850 (see under Denmark). 



86 



