GEOGRAPHY. 89 



phical miles, and pop. 6400. Prince Aloys Joseph, ruler since 18.36. 

 Principal place, the village of Vaduz, pop. 1000. 



XXXII. LandgrafscJiaft of Hesse-Homhurg, area 80 square geographical 

 miles, pop. 24,400. Ferdinand, Landgrave since 1848 ; cap. Homburg, with 

 3600 inhabitants. 



XXXIII. Free town of Hamburg, area 112 square geographical miles, 

 pop. 188,000, of which 148,000 belong to the town proper. 



XXXIV. Free town of Bremen, area 80 square geographical miles, pop. 

 72,800, of which 55,000 belong to the town. Constitution from 18th April, 

 1849. 



XXXV. Free town of Frankfurt on the Main, area 25 square geographical 

 miles, pop. 68,200, of which 58,000 belong to the town. 



XXXVI. Free town of Luheck, area 96 square geographical miles, pop. 

 47,000, of which 26,000 belong to the town. Constitution of April 8, 

 1848. 



The Railroads of Central Europe {Double Plate ]5, 16) 



The railroad lines opened in the present age throughout Europe require 

 some special notice ; and as we have now completed our review of the 

 different European states, this will be an appropriate place for such con- 

 sideration. In this we omit England, whose railroads are so numerous as 

 to have nearly taken the place of all her highways. We may remark in 

 general, that in the British islands on the 1st of July, 1849, there were no 

 less than 5447i miles of railroad open and in actual use. 



Germany is far ahead of the rest of the continent of Europe, in respect 

 to railroads, as at the end of September, 1849, there were 4186 miles of 

 road open to travel, 2048 of these, or over one third, being government roads. 

 The latter are as follows : 1. In Austria: from Prague to Olmiitz, with a 

 branch from the Bohemian Triibau to Briinn, and from Miirzzuschlaa; bv 

 Gratz and Cilly to Laibach, in all 414 miles. The former is to be continued 

 north to the borders of Saxony at Tetschen, the latter from Laibach to 

 Triest over the Karst; the one will be finished in the spring of 1850, the 

 other in 1852. 2. In Bavaria: from the limits of Saxony, between Hof 

 and Plauen, by Bamberg, Niirnberg, Donauworth, and Augsburg, to Kauf- 

 beuern, with a branch from Augsburg to Munich, 306 miles in all. The 

 continuation from Kaufbeuern to Lindau is in progress, as also a road from 

 Bamberg by Wiirzburg and AschafFenburg to Hanau. 3. In Wurtemberg : 

 from Heilbronn, by Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart to Geisslingen, also from 

 Biberach to Friedrichshafen on the Bodensee, in all 115 miles. The 

 section from Geisslingen by Ulm to Biberach will probably be finished in 

 1850. Connecting links to Baden and Bavaria are in distant contemplation, 

 4. In Baden : from Mannheim by Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, OfTenburg. 

 Freiburg to Efringen, near Basel, with branches to Kehl and Baden-Baden, 

 as also from Friedrichsfeld to the borders of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, in 

 all 193 miles. 5. In Hesse-Darmstadt and Frankfurt on the Main : from 



89 



