92 GEOGRAPHY. 



another by Bourges to jVerondes. 5. From Psris by Epernay to Chalons 

 on the Marne (commencement of the road to Strasbm'g). 6. From Paris 

 to Lyons, open on the route from Paris by Montereau to Tonnerre, with a 

 branch from Montereau to Troyes, and from Dijon to Chalons on the 

 Saone. In addition to these, there are small roads from Paris to St. 

 Germain and Sceaux. The following roads are at present unconnected 

 with the capital. From St. Etienne to Andrezieux, from this to Roanne, 

 and from St. Etienne to Lyons, the oldest railroads in France (the first 

 mentioned has been in existence since 1827, the others since 1832 and 

 1833) ; from Nismes by Montpelier to Cette, from Beaucaire by Nismes to 

 Alais and Grand Combe ; from Strasburg to Basel, with a branch from 

 Miihlhausen to Thann ; from Bordeaux to Teste ; from Avignon to Mar- 

 seilles. To these must be added numerous coal roads. 



Belgium has over 4G0 miles of railroad (three fourths built since 1835 

 at the public expense) which traverse the country in every direction. One 

 main line passes from Herbesthal on the borders of Prussia, by way of 

 Liittich, Landes, Lowen, Mecheln, Ghent, and Bruges, to Ostende ; this is 

 crossed at Mecheln by the second line, which goes from Antwerp by 

 Brussels, Hal, Braine-le-Comte, and Mons, to Quievrain on the borders of 

 France, and in French territory by way of Valenciennes to Paris. 

 Lateral lines lead from Landes by St. Trond to Hasselt, from Braine-le- 

 Comte by Charleroi to Namur, from Ghent by Courtroi to the borders of 

 France (in the direction of Lille), and to Tournai. During the last year, 

 private roads have been laid out: 1, from Ghent to Antwerp; 2, from 

 Bruges to Courtrai (West Flanders) ; 3, from Tournai to Jurbise, on 

 the road passing from Brussels to Mons ; and 4, many other smaller 

 tracts. 



The kingdom of the Netherlands has likewise its railroad system, con- 

 sisting of two lines : the Holland railroad from Amsterdam by Haarlem, 

 Leyden, and the Hague, to Rotterdam ; and the Rhine railroad from 

 Amsterdam by Utrecht to Arnheim, the two amounting to about 120 

 miles. The first tract was opened in 1839, the latter in 1847. 



In Switzerland we find only a few short roads, as the one from Zurich to 

 Baden, 14 miles, &c. In Denmark, from Copenhagen to Roeskilde 18^ 

 miles, the Seeland railroad built 1847 ; and in Spain (not included in the 

 chart), the road from Barcelona to Mataro, about 18^ miles, built 

 in 1848. 



In Italy, which in its northern part at least belongs here, we find the 

 following railroads: 1. In Upper Italy, from Chambery to the Lake of 

 Bourget, scarcely 5 miles in length ; from Turin to Montcaliere, as the 

 beginning of the Sardinian netw^ork of roads ; from Milan to Monza, with a 

 continuation to Como, in progress as far as Camnago ; from Venice by 

 Padua and Vicenza to Verona, and from Milan to Treviglio (the deficient 

 link between Treviglio and Verona has been under way for seven years). 

 2. In Middle Italy, from Florence by Pisa to Leghorn, with branches from 

 Pisa to Lucca, from Empoli to Siena, from Florence to Prato. 3. In 

 Lower Italy, from Naples to Nocera and Castellamare, from Naples to 

 92 



