12 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



d. The Iberians (Spaniards) {fig. 6, an Iberian woman) were a tribe 

 living originally near the Straits of Gibraltar, but who afterwards over- 

 spread a large portion of the peninsula. 



e. The Gauls possessed nearly all modern France, North Italy, part of 

 the Tyrol, Carniola, and some districts of Central Italy. They were of 

 Celtic extraction, and, prior to the invasion of the Romans, totally rude and 

 uncivilized. They conducted their religious ceremonies in the dense forest, 

 whose strong oaks served as temples ; their sacrifices were accompanied by 

 the gloomy songs of the bards, who also during battle sang, at the head of 

 the combatants, their wild strains of victory and war. PL 5, fig. 4, Gauls 

 from the district of Narbonne, and a bard ; fig. 5, a Druid and a warrior 

 of Gallia Belgica ; fig. 6, a native of Gallia Celtica, near Marseilles ; and figs. 

 7, 8, a common and a noble Gaul in the time of the Roman supremacy. 



f. Britain was first discovered by the Phoenicians, who carried on a 

 commerce in tin with the natives. The first inhabitants had come from the 

 continent, and gradually overspread the whole island ; but at a later period 

 were repulsed and dislodged by the Belgae, who, landing on the east, com- 

 pelled their adversaries to confine themselves to the north and west. 

 When the Romans invaded the island, they took them for aborigines, and 

 named them Britons. Penetrating to the north, they were driven back by 

 the furious Picts and Scots, whose descendants to this day inhabit the 

 Scottish Highlands, the Hebrides, and a considerable portion of Ireland. 

 PL 4, fig. 17, a female impersonating Britannia. 



/ 3. The Germans. 



If Tacitus may be credited, the Germans have always dwelt in the country 

 bearing their name. They were genuine aborigines. 



They worshipped the earth-descended Tuisco (Teut) and his son Mannus 

 as their prime ancestors. From the sons of Mannus sprang three leading 

 tribes : the InagcBvones near the North Sea, the Istcevones on the Rhine, 

 and the Hermiones in the interior and south. To these Pliny adds other 

 powerful tribes : the Vindili near the Baltic, and the Peucini in Hungary. 

 Some writers lean to the opinion that the Celts had dwelt in the country 

 before the Germ.ans, who entered it from the south-east. At a very early 

 period, we see not only the names of tribes here mentioned, but many others 

 of less importance. 



The first grand historical movement of the Germans occurred about 114 

 B.C. They now appear restless and discordant, harassing and plundering 

 each other ; and one body, dissatisfied with their location, emigrating 

 southwards to the Danube, invaded the Roman lines, and scattered death 

 and ruin in their track. They conquered the Romans lying at Noreia in 

 Styria, 113 B.C., but instead of pressing into Italy, they crossed the Rhine 

 and entered the Gallic territories. These hordes bore the name of Teutons 

 and Cimbri. 



The subjugation of Gallia w^as easy and rapid. The Teutons were still 

 carrying on sanguinary battles with the Belgae, while the Cimbri, 

 184 



