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18 HISTORY AXD ETENOLOGY. 



About this time a new power sprang into note, and became a dangerous 

 opponent to Greece. The Macedonians, under Philip L, after having 

 conquered the neighboring territories, made themselves masters of Greece, 

 338 B.C. This monarch, however, treated the Greeks with forbearance 

 and kindness, and gained their co-operation in his plan of punishing the 

 Persians ; but before any important results had accrued, his life was brought 

 to a close, and his kingdom descended to one more formidable than himself, 

 his son Alexander the Great. The subjugated people once more arose, but 

 were soon compelled to humble themselves before the powerful conqueror, 

 the Spartans excepted, who refused to acknowledge the sway of Alexander, 

 as they had before that of Philip. Alexander now accomplished his father's 

 plan of uniting with the Greeks in an expedition against Persia. He was 

 victorious, and thus became master of Asia Minor, 334 B.C. 



After his death, 322 B.C., the Greeks again attempted to liberate them- 

 selves from the tyranny of Macedonia. This effort, however, was not only 

 vain, but their state of bondage became even more abject. However, dis- 

 turbances in Macedonia afforded several Greek states an opportunity of 

 disengaging themselves more or less from that empire. They formed the 

 Achaean league, 281 B.C., which was followed by the league of the 

 iEtolians. These confederacies maintained for a while the d34ng spirit of 

 freedom, and served as a strong check to the encroachments of Mace- 

 donia. But nothing could appease the old jealousies which gave rise to 

 fresh discords. The war of Cleomenes resulted, 227-221 B.C., and it was 

 followed by that of the ^Etolians, 221-217 B.C. Thus, Philip III. of Mace- 

 donia acquired the ascendency, and maintained it, until the Romans suc- 

 ceeded in gaining adherents, and caused the formation of two leading 

 parties : the Roman and the Macedonian (the old ^tolian), 211 B.C. The 

 latter were by far superior, until their forces were completely routed at 

 Cynocephalae, 197 B.C., and the Greeks proclaimed their independence at 

 the Isthmian games, 195 B.C. 



The iEtolians, meanwhile, unwilling to submit to the guardianship of the 

 Romans, invoked the aid of Antiochus III., king of Syria, against their new 

 oppressors, but were obliged, by a disgraceful peace, to acknowledge the 

 power of Rome, 189 B.C. The Achaean league furnished the only remaining 

 obstacle to the Roman arms ; but after many a contest and much 

 oppression, it fell and was dissolved. All Greece, under the title of Achaia, 

 became a Roman province, 146 B.C. Athens, as a reward for her devo- 

 tion to the Romans, enjoyed several privileges, but when she sided with 

 Mithridates, king of Pontus, in his quarrel with the Romans, she was 

 attacked, subdued, and plundered, and forever deprived of her hberties, 81 

 B.C. Thus sank at last this beautiful abode of art and science. 



The social arrangements and internal relations of the Greeks in the Heroic 

 Ages, were based upon unions formed by families and tribes : at the head of the 

 state, as of a family, one was chief (king). He represented the highest authority 

 of government ; he led the army in war; kept up order and discipline according 

 toestablished usage ; presided at the sacrifices made in the name and in behalf 

 of the state ; and made general provision for the maintenance of religious cere- 

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