48 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



and tunic for both sexes. These remained the costume of the men, but the 

 increase of luxury made many additions to the attire of the females. The 

 toga was a wide gown, or mantle, of an almost circular form, without 

 sleeves. It covered the left arm, but permitted the right to be free. It 

 was usually of wool, but the color and ornaments varied according to the 

 circumstances of the wearer. 



Other and peculiar dresses w^ere the following : the Icena^ lacerna^ and 

 pcenulla^ mantles used in winter, or in travelling; the sagum^ or sack, a 

 short thick cape, worn in war ; the jpaludamentum^ a Grecian purple cloak, 

 worn by the commander-in-chief; the trdbia^ 2k species of toga wo:rn by 

 the knights and augurs. 



The tunic was worn under the toga. It was usually white, sometimes 

 colored, without sleeves, and of wool. It was fastened with a girdle 

 {cingulum\ and reached below the knees. It constituted the only clothing 

 of the poor, and it served, without the toga, as a suitable apparel in the 

 house of the wealthy. The tunic of the senators {pi. 12, figs. 6, 7) was 

 marked upon the breast by a broad purple stripe, that of the knights by a 

 narrow one {clavus). 



Except in journeying, or during bad weather, all the Romans went 

 bareheaded. The feet were covered in the house by leathern sandals 

 {solea^ (5rej?^6Z(2), in walking or travelling by shoes more or less high {calceus). 



The hair and beard were allowed to grow prior to the introduction of 

 Greek fashions, when the beard was shaved, and the hair cut, anointed, and 

 curled. 



Distinguished and wealthy Roman women usually wore, besides the 

 under-garment (indusium), a costly dress {stola)^ and over this a ^feort of 

 cape {pallet). They also adorned their j)ersons with rings, necklaces, ear- 

 drops, head-dresses, ribbons, &c. PI. Vi^figs. 13-15, Roman matrons; fig. 

 16, a Roman maiden ;^^5. 17-29, head-dresses of Roman matrons and 

 maidens ; fi^s. 30-32, head-dresses of the men. The dresses of the emperor 

 and empress did not vary essentially from those of the nobility. We 

 represent, pi. 12, fig. 1, a Roman emperor without his arms ; fi^. 2, the 

 same in his war-cloak ; fig. 3, the emperor arrayed for the sacrifices ; figs. 

 4 and 5, Roman empresses. 



In early times the dwellings of the Romans were very plain and small; 

 but after the Punic wars, and particularly in the time of Sylla, private 

 mansions of great magnificence were erected. The country-seats especially 

 showed much elegance. The dwellings had flat roofs, and only one 

 story. 



The fare of the ancient Romans was prepared with the greatest 

 simplicity and frugality ; but in later years richness and costliness 

 increased also in this respect. Towards the end of the republic, and in the 

 days of the emperors, their luxury and voluptuousness excelled even 

 that of the ancient Asiatics. For their meals the rich Romans had special 

 apartments. The tables were quadrangular, and had on both sides soft 

 couches. In the time of the Caesars the table took the form of a semicircle 

 {pi. 16, a Roman feast; figs. 2 and 3, couches). Originally wine was 

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