HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 49 



rarely drunk by the men, and altogether avoided by the women ; but, 

 subsequently, both Italian and foreign wines, and especially those from 

 Greece, were habitually drunk at meals. Various games and amusements 

 were indulged in during the meals, as dice, buffoonery, music, and 

 dancing {pi. IQsfigs. 58-62, various forms of dice). 



A number of vessels, ornaments, and domestic utensils, are represented 

 in pis. 16 and 17. Thus pi. 17., figs. 8-10, urns and vases finely wrought 

 figs. 11 and 12, large water-bowls ; figs. 13-15, vases on tripods ; figs 

 16-19, candelabra ; figs. 20-22, pitchers and flasks ; figs. 23"', 24-26 

 bowls ; figs. 27-30, lamps ; figs. 31-33, torches ; fig. 34, case for the 

 preservation of manuscripts ; fig. 35, basket ; figs. 36-41, kitchen utensils 

 fi^s. 42-46, drinking vessels ; figs. 47 and 48, knife handles ; figs. 49 and 

 50, sickles ; fig. 51, congius, or measure for liquids (8 congii =1 amphora 

 ,1 congius = 161.3625 cubic inches); fig. 52, grain measure {7nodiiis. 

 bushel) ; fig. 53, granite bath ; figs. 54 and 55, skimming ladles ; figs. 56-59 

 articles connected with the toilet ; pi. 16, fig. 4, folding chair ; fig. 5"^, 

 chairs ; fig. 7, table ; figs. 8 and 9, candelabra ; fig. 10, Palladium (vessels 

 supported by statues of Minerva); fig. 11, font; figs. 19-21, bowls ; ^^5. 

 22-25, fonts supported by tripods ; fig. 26, sarcophagus ; fig. 27, domestic 

 altar ; figs. 28-34, clasp-pins and rings for women ; figs. 35-47, finger and 

 ear-rings ; figs. 48, 49, styli, instruments for writing and engraving ; figs. 

 50, 51, seals ; figs. 52''*-57, keys ; figs. 63-65, knife and fork handles. 



The Carthaginians, Phrygians, Sarmatians, Germans, Gauls, and other 

 nations, who either submitted to the Romans or formed alliances with 

 them, adopted many of the Roman customs and fashions. In pi. 18 are 

 represented relievos which exhibit sundry costumes, also coins, utensils, 

 ornaments, &c. I^ig. 1, Gallic matrons and their dresses ; fig. 2, antique 

 bas-relief from Marseilles ; fig. 3, bas-relief from Narbonne ; fig. 4, one 

 from Metz ; figs. 5 and 6, two from Langres and Paris respectively ; 

 fig. 7^^, old Gothic coin ; fig. S"-\ Gallic coin stamped after Greek 

 models ; figs. 11 and 27, Gallic keys ; fig. 12, fragment of a Gothic 

 frontlet ; figs. 13-16, coverings for the feet ; figs. 17 and 18, lamps ; 

 figs. 19 and 20, candelabra ',fig. 21, a chime of bells ',figs. 22-26, table, chairs, 

 and couch ; figs. 28-30, table vessels ; figs. 31 and 32, fork and spoon ; 

 figs. 33 and 34, ear-drops ; fig. 35 "*, rings ; fig. 36, necklace ; fig. 37, 

 seal ; figs. 43-46, matrices or dies for coins and medals ; fig. 61, Cussy 

 column, i. e. an octangular pillar, surrounded by statues of the Roman 

 gods. It stands on a meadow, near the French village of Cussy-la- 

 Colonne, in the district of Beaune, department of Cote d'Or, and is, 

 unquestionably, a specimen of old Roman art. 



Without permission of the senate, no marriage but that of Roman 

 citizens and matrons was lawful ; and at first the intermarriage of patricians 

 and plebeians was prohibited. Before the celebration of the nuptials, a 

 solemn betrothal took place, at which the bridegroom placed a ring upon 

 the finger of the bride, after the consent of the fathers had been given, and 

 in presence of all the relations. 



On the evening of the wedding, the bride was wrested with apparent 



221 



