52 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



the burning of the corpse, or after it was consumed, gladiatorial combats 

 were performed (j?Z. 13, fig. 3). 



We have already spoken of the deification (apotheosis) of Romulus. 

 After Julius Csesar, the practice became frequent with the emperors. The 

 person thus deified took the appellation Divus^ or in the case of an empress, 

 Divo., the family name was changed, and the new deity was represented 

 with the attributes of glory, divinity, &c. During the burning of the body 

 of a deified person, an eagle was caused to rise from the flames {^fig, 4) ; 

 on monuments is represented the divinity supported by an eagle, or if it is 

 an empress, by a peacock. After the fire was extinguished, the relatives 

 collected the ashes and bones, and had them solemnly deposited with costly 

 spices in an urn {^l. 16, figs. 12-18*^); jpl. 17, figs. 8-10, Roman urns. 

 For old Gallic funeral urns, see jpl. 18, figs. 9, 10, 38, 39 ; and German 

 urns, figs. 40-42. These urns were finally deposited in graves, vaults 

 {Se^lcJira^ Mausolea., Cenotaphia., CatacomhcB^ &c.). Originally , the remains 

 were interred either in the fields or near the dwelling of the deceased ; 

 but after the promulgation of the Twelve Tables, only Yestal Virgins, and 

 such persons as obtained special permission, could be buried within the 

 limits of the city. Interments were frequently made near the public roads, 

 and celebrated men w^ere buried in the Campus Martins or Campus Esqui- 

 linus. The wealthy had tombs on their own manors and estates ; the 

 poor people were buried in a field outside the Esquiline gate. PI. 16, 

 Hg. 26, andj?Z. 11.^ figs. 5-7, sarcophagi; jpl. 11^ figs. 2-4, tombs; pi. IS^figs. 

 57, 58, Carthaginian monuments ; pi. 17^ fig. 1, the tomb street in Pompeii, 

 taking its name from the beautifully finished tombs along its sides. 



Italy had numerous catacombs, similar to those of Egypt, Asia Minor, 

 Syria, Persia, &c. These subterranean structures were originally quarries, 

 but were used, in later times as places of burial. During the persecutions, 

 these dismal caves served as places of worship for the Christians. A 

 large number of martyrs are interred in the catacombs of Rome, to which 

 the church of St. Sebastian forms the principal entrance. jPI. 19, fig. 11, 

 ground plan of part of the Roman catacombs ; fig. 2, those of Syracuse ; 

 fig. 3, those of Naples ; fig. 4, longitudinal section of part of the latter ; 

 fig. 5, transverse section of another part of the same ; fig. 6, the chapel 

 seen in fig. 5, on a larger scale ; fig. 7", plan of the catacombs of San 

 Marcellino, near Rome ; fig. 7^ perspective view of some galleries in the 

 same; figs. 8, 9, details of the same; fig. 10, view of one of its chapels; 

 figs. 12, 13, the opened graves of the Christian martyrs ; fig. 14, a sarco- 

 phagus from the catacombs ; fig. 15, chapel and tomb of St. Hermes ; fig. 

 16, chapel and oratory connected wdth the grave of St. Agnes; fig. 17, 

 ground plan of the subterranean church of St. Hermes ; fig. 18, elevation 

 of the subterranean church of St. Prisca ; fig. 19, tabernacle of the church 

 of St. Nereus and St. Achilles, near the columns of Antoninus ; and fig. 

 1, view of the apostles' grotto at Jerusalem. 



S.t. Agnes, a beautiful young woman of Rome, was universally celebrated 

 for sanctity and purity, and sufiered martyrdom, 303 A.D. The 29th of 

 January is sacred to her memory. St. Hermes or Hermas was one of the 

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