HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 65 



Home, restored general order, and, at tlie request of Leo, pardoned the 

 leaders of the rebellion. In gratitude for his timely aid, Leo crowned 

 him as Roman emperor, at which the crowd testified their delight by 

 loud rejoicings. Thus was renewed the title of Roman Emperor, after a 

 lapse of 324 years. 



Hitherto Charles had done much for the extension of Christianity. He 

 now also took care of the internal administration of the church, encouraged 

 talent in preaching, reformed the church music, founded bishoprics and 

 schools, aided in the improvement of the German language, and himself 

 learned to write at the age of fifty-eight. Nor w^as he blind to the temporal 

 interests of his kingdom. He sent officers of inspection into his provinces 

 that were governed by counts, he protected commerce as the means of 

 uniting the nations and encouraging civilization. Soon after his return from 

 Italy he had the happiness to see all his differences with the Saxons finally 

 adjusted by the peace of Selz, on the Saale, 803 A.D. He was, however, 

 still troubled bv his bellisrerent neighbors, the Wilsii, in the east, and the 

 ]^ormans in the north. Charles first set out against the Wilsii, a branch 

 of the Slavonic tribe, defeated them, and built a castle on the Saale (modern 

 Halle), and another (now know^n as Magdeburg) on the Elbe. These 

 fortifications were destined for the overawing of these enemies. The 

 Normans in Denmark succumbed to the arms of Charles, and their king, 

 Heuning, was compelled to acknowledge the Eyder as the boundary 

 between his kingdom and that of the Franks. Charles's empire was now 

 extended from the Tiber to the Eyder, from the Ebro in Spain to the 

 shores of the North Sea, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Elbe in Ger- 

 many, and the Raab in Hungary. 



Near the close of his reign he lost two of his sons ; his surviving son, 

 Louis, in anticipation of his own approaching demise, he caused to be 

 crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. He died a few months after, 814 A.D., in the 

 seventy-second year of his active life. Arrayed in full imperial costume, 

 with his crown and sword, a gilded copy of the Gospel on his knees, and a 

 piece of the Holy Cross over his head, seated in a golden chair, with a 

 pilgrim's pouch upon his thighs, he was placed in his tomb in the Chapel 

 of St. Mary, at Aix-la-Chapelle. 



PI. 21, fy. 6, the Emperor Charlemagne in his imperial dress ; figs. 

 7 and 8, prince and princess of Charlemagne's house ; figs. 9 and 10, a 

 noble of that period and his wife ; /^. 11, a commander under Charles, 

 with the imperial standard;/^. 12^^ and 12*, Austrian and Aquitauian 

 warriors under Charles ; fig. 13, one of Charles's bishops ; and fig. 14, 

 people in humble life ; pi. 22., figs. 5 and 6, statues of women in the eighth 

 century ; fig. 7, mosaic figure of Charlemagne ; fig. 8, Charles receiving the 

 submission of Wittekind ; fig. 38, Wittekind's statue. 



From his kind disposition and peaceful virtues, Louis, who now ascended 

 the throne, obtained the surname of the Meek {Dehonnaire) ; but with the 

 crown he inherited scarcely any of his father's qualities and energies. In 

 the fourth year of his reign he united his eldest son Lothaire with himself 

 as co-regent. The latter was destined to become the principal heir of the 



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