78 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



new one elected, the two former, however, refusing to yield. Now all the 

 three popes were deposed, and Martin Y. was elected in their stead ; but 

 the much desired reformation of the church was not effected. On the 

 contrary, the doctrines of Huss of Hussinetz, and of Jacob of Mies, 

 tending towards the correction of clerical abuses, were condemned, and 

 their originator, in spite of having appeared at the council under the 

 protection of a safe-conduct from Sigismund, was burned by the decree of 

 the council, 1415. His friend and defender, Jerome of Prague, suffered 

 the same fate the year after. 



The result of this event was the bloody Hussite war in Bohemia, 

 1419-33, the adherents of the new doctrines arming therdselves for the 

 defence of their faith. Their army spread terror wherever it went. 

 Fortune seemed to shed her favors upon them, and they soon deposed the 

 king. The party, however, at length split up into factions ; the terrors 

 of war disposed the fathers of the church to a reconciliation, and the 

 Hussites themselves were tired of the contest. A new council was assembled 

 at Basle. The Calixtines, who were the more moderate of the Hussites, 

 asking only the use of the cup in the Holy Sacrament, with the concession 

 of some minor points, were received into the communion of the orthodox, 

 1433, while the Taborites, a name applied to the fanatics of the party, were 

 still refused admission. The Calixtines now persecuted their less 

 fortunate brethren, and the Taborite chief, Procopius, was conquered and 

 killed in battle by Mainhard of ]^euhaus, the leader of the Calixtines, 

 1434 A.D. This catastrophe terminated the war. Sigismund, who, in the 

 meantime, 1433, had received the Koman imperial crown, was again 

 acknowledged king of Bohemia, 1435. He died two years after. 



After the death of Sigismund, Albert of Austria, his son-in-law, 

 succeeded to the empire as Albert II. He united in his person the 

 governments of Hungary and Bohemia. He was an excellent, resolute 

 prince, but his reign was cut short by death. He fell in an expedition 

 against the Turks, 1439. 



Frederic lY., duke of Styria, and son of Ernest the Iron, a relative 

 of Albert, next ascended the throne. His protracted administration 

 (1440-93) was not signalized in any way, Frederic possessing more of good 

 will than of energy, and not being favored by fortune. His whole reign 

 contrasts pitifuUy with those of contemporary monarchs in Europe. 



In France the Capetians had ruled from 987 to 1328. Several kings of this 

 line presided over the interests of their country with distinguished ability. 

 Louis YL, 1108-37, greatly enlarged the rights and liberties of his subjects. 

 Louis YIL, 1137-1180, and Philip Augustus, 1180-1223, distinguished them- 

 selves in the crusades. Philip established the class of the peerage, founded 

 the University of Paris, and took the ^preliminary steps towards making 

 the monarchy hereditary and absolute. Louis IX., surnamed St. Louis, 

 1226-70, distinguished by his crusades, in the course of one of which he died 

 at Tunis, governed with wisdom the kingdom which his victories and policy 

 had enlarged, and laid the foundation of a healthy freedom for the Galilean 

 church. Philip lY., the Fair, 1285-1314, governed with vigor, and 

 250 



