HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 97 



of ermine. Sometimes four rows of pearls extend from the rim of ermine 

 to the top of the crown {figs. TT, 78, 79). 



The bishop's hat, or infula {fig. 84), consists of a high cap, composed of 

 two broad leaves tapering towards the top, and embellished with pearls or 

 jewels. From both sides, as in the pope's tiara, broad ribands are sus- 

 pended. In the infula of English bishops the two broad leaves are sup- 

 ported by a crown rim. Catholic prelates wear a low hat, with wide 

 upturned rim, and two pendent tassels, one on either side. 



The color of the hat and the number of tassels indicate the difference in 

 rank and dignity. The cardinal's hat is red, and carries now fifteen tassels 

 on either side, fig. 85. In some Catholic countries the cardinal exhibits in 

 his escutcheon a princely hat, and even a crown below the cardinal's hat, 

 but at Kome this is not permitted. In Spain and France the archbishops 

 show a green hat with ten tassels, the bishops one with six tassels, while 

 the prothonotary is known by a black hat with three violet blue tassels. 



Since the Congress of Yienna the right of showing the regal crown 

 belongs not only to kings and grand-dukes, but also to other ruling princes. 

 Princes of the blood in some countries adopt crowns of a prescribed form ; 

 in others, they follow the style peculiar to their dynasty. 



The globe of empire originated in this w^ay : Pope Benedict YIII. pre- 

 sented to the Emperor Henry 11. a small globe surmounted by a cross, 

 meaning it not merely as a part of his royal insignia, but also as a symbol 

 of the power of the cross over the world. Later it became an emblem of 

 imperial authority. Free cities received it in their armorial designs as a 

 mark of imperial favor ; soon after kings and princes adopted it to signify 

 their power as Christian rulers. 



As the successor of the Apostle Peter, the pope incorporates in his arms 

 the figure of two keys crossing each other. Bishops and abbots marshal 

 behind the shield, and leaning obliquely on the left side, a crook or crozier, 

 as emblematical of their ofiice as pastors over the flock of Christ ; and in 

 case the incumbent is at the same time invested with civil authority, the 

 other side presents the figure of a sword. The arms of an abbess show no 

 infula ; but in lieu of it, the staff or crozier in the middle, behind the shield. 



In France the marshals show two marshals' staves ; admirals two 

 anchors ; and the lord chamberlain two keys, which must be of a shape 

 different from that of the pope's keys. 



The imperial or double-headed eagle bears the arms on its breast, and 

 holds in one talon the sceptre and sword, in the other the imperial globe. 

 In the Russian imperial arms there are three subordinate shields on each 

 wing ; and the German arms of the imperial house show five additional 

 shields upon the tail. 



Frequently the shield and the shield-holders rest upon some basis, as a 

 floor or a ribbon, on which mottoes are placed. 



The colors or hues of the shields were the principal mark of distinction 

 between the chevaliei-s, and are, therefore, still minutely determined when a 

 coat of arms is conferred. They are termed tinctures., as, for example, those 

 designated by the metals, gold, silver, and iron, and the colors proper, red, 



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