HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 99 



obtuse angles. A neat variation of tincture is in the small iron hats, wliich 

 resemble and have been interpreted as furs, but which actually represented 

 the iron hats of the knights {figs. 26-28). They had the form of small 

 pointed spires or cones. Sometimes, however, ermine is represented upon 

 shields ; when the ground is black and the points white it is called counter 

 ermine. 



On the same field of an honor-piece various figures may be found 

 opposite, beside, and even upon each other, e.g. beams and rafters, or piles, 

 spars or beams, with diamonds, rings, or coins, upon them. The cross 

 occurs in a great variety of shapes, and is considered an honor-piece. 



In regard to the form of the shield, nothing is essential. Thus we have, 

 pi. 27, fig. 1, the crescent-shaped ; fig. 2, the triangular ; fig. 3, the fancy 

 form ; fig. 4, the heart form, usually adopted by ladies ; fig. 5, the diamond ; 

 fig. 6, the reclining ; figs. 7, 8, forms of ancient shields ; fiig. 9, German 

 shield ; fig. 10, French ; fig. 11, Spanish ; fig. 12, Italian ; fi^g. 13, ensign 

 or banner shield. In addition to the description of the representation of 

 colors already given, we call attention to fig. 22, which indicates natural 

 colors, e.g. the horse ; fig. 23, ermine ; fig. 24, counter ermine ; fig. 25, 

 spotted ; fig. 26, small blue and white hats ; fig. 27, red and yellow hats ; 

 fig. 28, irregular blue and w^hite hats ; fig. 29, fur ; fig. 30, greaved or 

 scaly. The division of shields is as follows : fig. 33, vertical ; fig. 34, 

 horizontal ; fig. 35, diagonal left ; fig. 36, diagonal right ; fig. 37, right 

 indented ; fig. 38, left indented ; fig. 39, horizontal indented ; fig. 40, vertical 

 indented ; fig. 41, vertical left ; fig. 42, vertical right ; fig. 43, vertical 

 triple ; fig. 44, horizontal triple ; fig. 45, diagonal left triple ; fig. 46, diagonal 

 right triple ; fig. 47, superior angular ; fig. 48, inferior angular ; fig. 49, 

 vertical stripe; fig. 50, horizontal stripe ; fig. 51, diagonal left stripe ; fig. 52, 

 diagonal right strij^e ; fig. 53, quartered shield; fig. 54, diagonal quartered; 

 fig. 55, upward rafters ; fig. 56, downward rafters ; fig. 57, cross ; fig. 58, 

 oblique cross ; fig. 59, advanced shield ; fig. 60, enigmatical shield; Jig. 61, 

 expressive shield ; fig. 62, covered shield ; fig. 63, shield supporting a small 

 shield. 



On the same plate will be found representations of the principal Euroj)ean 

 crowns ; fig. 64, ancient German imperial ; fig. 65, Russian imperial ; 

 fig. %Q^ Turkish imperial; fig. 67, English; fig. 68, French ;-^^. 69, 

 Spanish ; fig. 70, Prussian ; fig. 71, Swedish ; fig. 72, Danish ; fig. 73, 

 Sardinian ; fig. 74, Hungarian ; fi^. 75, Scottish ; fig. 76, grand ducal 

 crown ; fig. 77, crown of an electoral prince ; fig. 78, crown of a prince of 

 the blood; fig. 79, ducal crown; fig. 80, count's; fig. 81, viscount's ; 

 figx 82, baron's ; fig. 83, bishop's ; fig. 84, papal crown ; fig. 85, cardinal's 

 ,}iat ; fig. 86, hat of the doge of Venice ; figs. 87-92, helmets of arms. 



We close the whole subject with a list of the coats of arms belonging to 

 the princes and some of the noble families. PI. 2S,fig. 1, Russian imperial ; 

 fig. 2, Austrian imperial ; fig. 3, British royal ; fig. 4, late royal French ; 

 fig. 5, royal Belgian ; fig. 6, royal arms of the Netherlands ; fig. 7, royal 

 Swedish ; fig. 8, royal Danish ; fig. 9, royal Spanish ; fig. 10, royal 

 Portuguese ; fig. 11, royal Sardinian ; fig. 12, royal Sicilian ; fig. 13, 



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