100 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



pontifical ; fig. 14, royal Grecian ; fig. 15, grand duchy of Tuscany ; 

 fig. 16, duchy of Modena ; fig. 17, duchy of Lucca ; fig. 18, Baron 

 von Seckendorf ; fig. 19, Baron von Fahnenberg ; fig. 20, Baron of 

 Brussels ; fig. 21, Cotta von Cottendorf PI. 29, fig. 1, royal Prussian ; 

 fig. 2, royal Bavarian ; fig. 3, royal Saxon ; fig. 4, royal Hanoverian ; fig. 5, 

 roj^al Wiirtembergian ; fig. 6, grand duchy of Baden ; fig. 7, electorate of 

 Hesse ; fig. 8, grand duchy of Hesse Darmstadt ; fig. 9, grand duchy of 

 Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach ; fig. 10, duchy of Saxe Meiningen ; fig. 11, duchy 

 of Saxe-Altenburg ; fig. 12, duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; fig. 13, duchy of 

 Brunswick ; fig. 14, duch}^ of JS'assau ; fig. 15, grand duchy of Mecklen- 

 burg ; fig. 16, grand duchy of Oldenbm'g ; fig. 17, duchy of Anhalt Dessau ; 

 fig. 18, duchy of Anhalt Bernburg ; fig. 19, duchy of Anhalt-Kothen ; 

 fig. 20, principality of Schwartzburg ; fig. 21, principality of Hohenzollern 

 Hechingen ; fig. 22, principality of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen ; fig. 23, 

 principality of Waldeck ; fig. 24, principality of Beuss ; fig. 25, principality 

 of Lippe Schaumburg ; fig. 26, principality of Lippe-Detmold ; fig. 27, 

 principality of Liechtenstein ; fig. 28, landgrave of Hesse-Homburg ; 

 fig. 29, duchy of Parma ; fig. 30, Prince Esterhazy ; fig. 31, Prince 

 Metternich. 



The Clergy and their Influence. 



In the middle ages the Christian religion gradually and constantly 

 progressed. It was adopted among the German, Slavonic, and Scan- 

 dinavian nations, in Bussia and Hungary, and even among some of the 

 Tartar hordes of Asia. But its orignal purity soon became dimmed ; 

 and its spirituality and simplicity were often lost amid the gorgeous- 

 ness of imposing ceremonies. The doctrines of the cross were loaded with 

 human inventions, by which the church was brought to disunion and 

 endless controversy. 



Three great sections of the Christian church appear but a few centuries 

 after its organization. 



1. The Roracm Catholic Church. This branch has its sovereign head at 

 Rome, in the person of the pope. In addition to the Bible, it recognises 

 the authority of tradition. It regards the decrees of synods and of bishops 

 as necessary to the maintenance of truth and unity. The church believes 

 in the doctrine of extraordinary merit, especially in works of supereroga- 

 tion in the saints, in the power of their intercession, and in indulgences. 

 Another doctrine prominently set forth is that of purgatory. The standards 

 of the church teach seven sacraments : baptism, the Lord's supper, confirm- 

 ation, penance or confession, ordination of priests, matrimony, and extreme 

 unction. In the sacrament of the Lord's supper the Catholic church holds 

 the doctrine of transubstantiation, i.e. that through the force of the words 

 of institution, pronounced by the officiating priest, the essential nature 

 of the bread and wine is changed into the substance of the body and 

 blood of Christ ; and holding at the same time that the reception of the body 

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