mSTOKY AND ETHNOLOGY. 101 



includes that of the blood, it excludes the laity from the use of the cup. 

 Regarding the supper \ti the specific form of the mass as an efficacious offering 

 or sacrifice, beneficial to the dead as well as the living, the priests perform 

 mass for the repose of departed souls. 



2. The Greek Church, "which was entirely separated from the Roman in 

 1054, is under the control of patriarchs. It is not unanimous on some 

 questions of importance ; thus one party still regards the pope as the 

 supreme head of the universal church, while another rejects all belief in the 

 necessity of this supremacy. Both, however, acknowledge as the rule of 

 faith the Bible, tlic writings of the apostolical fathers, and tjie decrees of 

 the seven councils. They believe that the Holy Ghost proceeds frora tho 

 Father only. They also ascribe a meritorious efficacy to good works^ 

 especially lasting, charity, almsgiving, and monastic life ; but they deny 

 the doctrine of purgatory, and condemn the practice of granting indulgenceSs 

 In regard to the souls of the departed, they believe in a middle- state, wheit& 

 the pious souls calmly await the day of judgment, and the wicked m terror 

 and anguish look forward to the day when their punishment is to commence, 

 unless the intercession of the priests delivers them from their torment. 

 This church, too, recognises the seven sacraments. The sacrament of the 

 Lord's supper is administered to the communicants in the form of cylindrical 

 pieces of leavened bread, dipped in wine, so that they receive both bx'ead and 

 wine. 



3. The Armenian Church, {PL 32, Jigs. 5, &, Armenian patriarch and 

 monk,) The supreme authority of this church is vested in the Catholicos 

 of all Armenians, under whom rank several patriarchs. She rejects the> 

 veneration of images. She sees in Christ only one nature, the divine, like the* 

 Jacobite and Coptic sects. 



The Mennonites and Maronites in Syria [fig's. 3 and 4, Maronite patriai'cli; 

 and monk) confess in Christ one person, but two natures, actuated by oae- 

 will. 



The vestments of a Roman Catholic bishop consist of the pontifical 

 shoes and stockings, the cross upon the breast, the tunic, the dalmatica or 

 alba, the finger ring, the mitre or infula, the crozier, the mantle {pallium)). 

 the gloves, the orale (a veil, covering the shoulders and breast), ajid the 

 prcecinctoriuw. {PL ^2, jig. 1, St. Augustine in full canonicals : ^^.. 2, St.. 

 Anthony.) In the pope's dress the chief distinction is the triple euown. The 

 customary official costume of the priest embraces the amictus^ the white 

 linen shirt, the alba, the girdle, the rochette (a species of white linen gown 

 or cassock, with closed sleeves) ; the stola (a broad sash worn by the priests 

 around the neck, and crossed upon the breast ; the deacons, however, usually 

 place it across the left shoulder), and, finally, the dress for performino* 

 the offering of the mass. The priests also place upon their heads a low 

 quadrangular cap. 



The practice of monastic seclusion rose to its height during the middle ages. 

 Its commencement probably dates back to the time of the early Christians, 

 who, to preserve their lives from the fearful storms of persecution, betook 

 themselves to the mountains and deserts, where they passed their days in con- 



ICONOGRArniC ENCYCLOPiEDIA. — VOL. IN. 18 273 



