IIISTOliV AND ETHNOLOGY. 103 



some cntliusirtstic members of the order, however, it did not seem severe 

 enough, and consequently the rigidity of tlie rules was increased, and new 

 additions made, so that timong different societies called by the same name it 

 was often difficult to trace even a dim resemblance. Thus arose the order of 

 the Clugiiyacensians^ founded by St. Oden of Clugny ; the Congrcg:ation of 

 Moiuit Cassuio, ordained 1408, by St. Justinus at Padua and Blount Cassino : 

 the Congregation of Si. Maurus, established by St. Maurus, in France, 1621 

 {pi. So. Jig. 27, a monk of this Congregation) ; the Calnialduensians. founded 

 by St. Romoald between 960 and 1009, at Campo Muldoni, near Milan {pi. 

 S'l.fig. 19, a monk of this society) ; the Sylvestrinians. founded by Sylvester 

 Gozzolan of Ancona [pi. 32, Jig. 25, the general of the Sylvestrinians ) ; the 

 Grauimontensians (grand mountaineers), founded by St. Stephen of Thiers, 

 on Grandmont, near Limoges, 1076 ; and the Carthusians., whose founder 

 was St. Bruno, 1086, a pious monk of Rheims. Owing to the great dissipa- 

 tion prevalent in those times, he was induced to seek solitude. St. Bruno 

 betook himself, with a few congenial friends, to a narrow and desolate valley, 

 called Chartreuse, lying between two precipitous rocks, covered with snow and 

 bramble, and not far from Grenoble. In this dreary spot he erected a cloister, 

 where the emaciated monks lived in the deepest poverty. Their regulations 

 were of the most stringent character ; even conversation at times was pro- 

 hibited [Jig. 18, Carthusian nun in her dress preparatory to confirmation). 

 We mention also the Celestines, founded by Peter di Mardone, 1264, after- 

 wards Pope Celestine V. (j)l. 33, Jig. 2, Celestine monk) ; the Cistertians, 

 established 1075, by twenty-one monks, Avho, led by their abbot Robert, had 

 emigrated to Cisternum. Out of these, in the way of further reformation, 

 sprang the Bernardines, by St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, in the begin- 

 ning of the twelfth century (pi. o'2.Jig\ 21, Bernardine nun). To these may 

 yet be added the Peidllans, established 1580, by John de la Barriere. prior 

 of the abbey of Feuillans, near Toulouse ( pi. 33, Jigs. 25 and 26, monk and 

 nun of this order ;) the order of Frontevrcudt. founded by Robert of Arbrissel 

 in the beginning of the tv>elfth centur}'' {pi. 32, Jig. 12, Frontevrault nun); 

 the Congregation of Port Royal, founded for nuns, 1204 ; and the Monks of 

 la Trappe. in Normandy {pi. 34, Jig. 7, monk of la Trappe), founded by 

 Rotrou, count of Perche. 



The rules adopted by St. Augustine bore a strong similarity to those of the 

 Benedictines. Indeed, his were not monastic regulations proper, but rules for 

 the clergy of his diocese, binding them to poverty, chastity, common 2)rayer8, 

 <fcc., without constituting them an order. The congregations of canons and 

 prebendaries adopted his rules without forming monasteries. Among them 

 were the canons of the Lateran {pi. o2, fig. 15), those of the Holy Sepulchre 

 {pi. 33, fig. 1), those of St. Salvator, St. Genevieve, St. Rufin, and the Hos- 

 pitallers generally. 



These rules were later adopted by monks also, and thus was formed the 

 . Order of Angustittes, consisting of hermits united into one body in the year 

 1256, by Pope Alexander IV. At a later period Augustine nunneries 

 were established {pi. S'2,figs. 13, 14, Augustine monk and nun). Following 

 the Augustines, arose the Prainonstrants^ founded by St. Norbert, in the 

 to 



