HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 105 



furtherance of the Roman Catholic church by missions. Thus were organized 

 the Theatinians, in 1520, by John Peter Caraffa (or, more properly, Thcate, 

 afterwards Pope Paul IV.), who devoted themselves expressly to the propa- 

 gation of the fiiitli {fig. 5, Theatinian nun) ; the Barnabitcs, consecrated also 

 to missions and to the instruction of the young, established by several persons 

 at Milan in 1533 {fig. 23, Barnabite) ; the BartholortKBans^ by Bartholomew 

 Iloblijiuser, in Salzburg, in 1640 ; the Lazarists^ by Vincent de Paula, at 

 Paris, for missions and seminaries ; the Brothers and Sisters of Charity^ in 

 the beginning of the seventeenth century, for nursing the indigent sick {j)l. 

 84, fig. 5, Sister of Charity of St. Vincent de Paula; pi. SS,fig. 19, Sister 

 of Charity of another cloister) ; the Jesuits, by Ignatius Loyola, in 1534, for 

 the promulgation of the Catholic religion, the consolidation of the hierarchy, 

 and tlie furtherance of their own power {pi. SS, fig. 17, Jesuits; fig. 18, 

 Jesuit missionary) ; the Somaskians, the fathers of Christian doctrine, for 

 public instruction ; the Priests of the Oratorium {fig. 21) ; the PiaristSj 

 &c., (fee. 



The orders of nuns sometimes chose the same titles as the monks ; others 

 united with the monastic orders without assumino- their names. Thus the 

 7iif?is of St. Clarissa {pi. S2,fig. 24), the nuns of the Immaculate Concep- 

 tion {pi. 33. fig. 12), the 7ii/7is of St. Urban, the mms of the Annunciation 

 {fig. 11), all belonged to the Franciscan order, while the Angelicals attached 

 themselves to the Barnabites. Finally, others retained their independence, 

 both in name and support, adopting for the most part the rules of St. Augus- 

 tine. Among these we mention the 7iuns of Penite?ice, of Magdalena, the 

 Salesians, the ?iu?is of St. Ursula {pi. 33, fig. 4), the Hosjntal nuns {fig. 

 16, nun of this society of the Hotel Dieu in Paris ; pi. S4:, fig. 6, Hospital nun 

 of La Fleche). There were also Hospital monks {pi. 33, fig. 7, Hospital 

 monk of St. Jaquet dn Jiaat pas). 



The Society of Beguins was composed of pious women, who betook them- 

 selves to a thoughtful, solitary life, without assuming any particular vow. 

 Some w^riters trace their origin to St. Begga., and others to a priest of Liege, 

 Lambert le Begue (1180), whilst others say that the society was formed as 

 early as the year 1000, by the unostentatious union of a number of pious 

 women. They began in the Netherlands, and in the thirteenth century spread 

 over Germany, France, and Switzerland. Their usual dress was grey or 

 broAvn, but in Lower Saxony they wore a sky-blue habit. They either re- 

 sided all in one building, or in several houses standing together, in large j^ards 

 or inclosures. In some places, as at Cologne, they numbered 2000 persons. 

 They maintained themselves by legacies and foundations, and by their own 

 work, especially w^eaving. The membership of this society was frequently 

 obtained by purchase, and the fortunes of deceased members fell to the com- 

 mon fund. Upon their entrance into the community each one took a voav of 

 chastity and obedience ; but the constitution permitted the members at any 

 time to withdraw and marry. The order exists now only in the Netherlands. 

 PI. S^, fig. 6, a Beguin nun. 



To the numerous associations already described we add yet others, 

 members of which are represented on our plates. The Bethlehem ites, 



277 



