108 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



Clement V., in a general council held at Vienne (on the Rhone), dissolved 

 the order. Their property was confiscated by the crafty and avaricious mon- 

 arch, who quietly appropriated it to his own purposes. 



The order was composed of knights, squires, and serving brethren, besides 

 a large number of ecclesiastics. As a badge of distinction they all wore a 

 linen girdle, and the knights wore, besides a simple suit of armor, white linen 

 tabards, and mantles, with a blood-red cross. The clerical members usually 

 wore the white surplice with the cross ; and the serving brethren a grey or 

 black habit likewise with the red cross. PL 34, jig. 12, Templar in domestic 

 dress ; jig. 13, Templar in full costume ; jig. 14, Templar in armor on horse- 

 back. 



3. The German Knights., or the Order oj Lords. This order was 

 founded by Germans in 1190. Like the other orders, they took the vow of 

 obedience, poverty, and celibacy ; and like them, strove to protect the poor 

 and helpless. After the loss of the Holy Land they settled at Venice. In 

 1229 they were called out under their Grand Master, Hermann von Salza, to 

 aid the Poles against the Prussians. At that time the Prussians were hea- 

 thens, whom, after a contest of fifty-three years, the Order of Lords finally 

 conquered and converted to Christianity. The Grand Master fixed his resi-- 

 dence at ^larienburg, 1309. During the reformation of the sixteenth century, 

 the Grand Master, Margrave Albert of Brandenburg, with a large body of 

 the order, passed over to the Lutheran church, and the remainder settled in 

 the town of Mergentheim in Wlirtemberg. Subsequently the office of Grand 

 Master vested in the person of the Emperor of Austria, and in 1805 the 

 order was abolished. The German Knights were known also by the names : 

 Knights of the Cross, Knights of the Virgin Mary, Brethren or Hospitallers 

 of the German House of Our Blessed Lady at Jerusalem. They wore a 

 white mantle with a black cross. PI. 34, jig. 15, Grand Master of the Ger- 

 man Knights. 



The infidels of Palestine did not constitute the sole objects of the warlike 

 zeal of the spiritual knights. It was directed against the heathens gener- 

 ally, wherever they stood in the way of Christianity. Thus in Spain the 

 Alcantara, Calatrava, and other organizations, fought with the Saracens ; and 

 in Prussia and Livonia, the Brethren of the Sword against the heathenish 

 tribes of those countries. The Calatrava (/?/. 34, jig. 17, knight of this 

 order) was founded by Sancho III. in 1158 ; the Alcantara {jig. 18) by Alex- 

 ander III., in 1177 ; another order, that of St. James of the Sword [jig. 16), 

 in Spain, in 1170 ; the Order of Avis in Portugal, in 1143, by Alphonso 

 Henriquez (jig. 19) ; the Order of St. Stephen, by Maria Theresa, in Aus- 

 tria, in 1764 {jig. 20, knight in costume of ceremony) ; the Order of the 

 Holy Ghost, by Henry III. of France, 1578 {jig. 21, knight, and jig. 22, 

 hospitaller of this order) ; and the Order of Aubrac by Allard in Flanders, in 

 1120, {jig. 23, ecclesiastic of this order). 



In the seventeenth century it became customary to organize associations 

 with temporal rather than religious motives. Hence originated the various 

 academies of art and scientific societies, &.e., &c. Secret orders were like- 

 wise formed, whose objects were mostly superstitious, and therefore kept 

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