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HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 121 



ing leaders accomplished but little, their efforts being thwarted by unhappy 

 dissensions, which were mainly caused by the impcriousness of the proud 

 Richard. They conquered, with great difficulty, only Ptolemais and St. Jean 

 d'Acrc, and maintained themselves on a small territory on the co^st. Dis- 

 heartened at the failure, Philip Augustus returned to Europe, llicliard 

 remained, but thou>2;h he sijrnalized himself in his eniraf!;cments with Saladin 

 by astonishing personal bravery, he met with but little success, and unable to 

 recover Jerusalem, concluded a truce with the Sultan, in 1192. Saladin died 

 the following 3'ear, at Damascus, and Richard, in 1199, in France. 



During the reign of Almeric II., a fourtli crusade was projected under 

 the supervision of French and Italian leaders. It was, however, turned 

 into a different channel by events at Constantinople. The Greek emperor, 

 Isaac, was deposed by his brother xVlexius III., and afterwards imprisoned " 

 and deprived of sight, in 1195. His son, having escaped assassination 

 besought the protection of the crusaders. Commanded by the brave and 

 sagacious doge, Dandolo of Venice, Margrave Boniface of Montferrat, and 

 Count Baldwin of Flanders, the crusaders gave up the war with the infidels, 

 advanced against Constantinople, and carried the place by storm in 1204. 

 After several counter-plots and revolutions. Count Baldwin of Flanders was 

 crowned Greek emperor. Thus originated the Latin dynasty in the East. It 

 existed fifty-seven years, 1204-61. 



The crusade of 1212 deserves a passing notice. It was composed ot 

 childrcji, 20,000 from Germany, and 30,000 from France. It was believed 

 that the infidels would not be able to resist such numbers of innocent 

 beings. But most of these juvenile warriors perished with hunger and- 

 fatigue, while the rest were captured by slavetraders, and sold into Egyptian 

 slaverv. 



Andreas, king of Hungary, instituted still another crusade, in 121T, and 

 now directed his hostilities against Egypt, the land which had hitherto been 

 the cause of so many losses and misfortunes to the Christians, and which, 

 when conquered, would open a passage to the Holy Land. King John, 

 also, fitted out a similar expedition, and in 1221 captured Damietta. Sultan 

 Meleddin offered to exchange Jerusalem for Damietta ; but the Hungarians 

 rejected the proposal, and advanced to the siege of Cairo just at the time 

 Avhen the annual inundation of the Nile came on. The sultan opened 

 upon them its sluices, and the floods rose upon them, threatening the 

 complete annihilation of the Christian army. Nothing but a hasty peace 

 saved them. Damietta Avas to be evacuated, and a truce of eight years 

 was to be observed. The sultan magnanimously returned the Holy Cross 

 which had remained in the hands of the Turk^ since the battle of Tiberias 

 in 118Y. 



While Germany was suffering from rude violence and lawlessness, 

 France was moving on to glory and refinement under the mild reign of the 

 fatherly Louis IX. (])L 2^,fig\ 3, St. Louis administering justice in the 

 open air). This-- monarch, during a severe fit of sickness, had made a 

 solemn vow to undertake a crusade, should God spare his life and restore 

 him to health ; and upon his recovery he immediately began the prepara- 



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