ETHNOLOGY OF THE TRESENT DAY. 123 



the walls, the chamber containing the tomb is not more than about seven feet 

 by six. Another small chamber, called the chapel of the Angel measures 

 about ten feet square. The walls are relics of the rock which surrounded the 

 grave of Christ. The walls of the chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, especially, 

 are of rough limestone, coated externally and internally with marble. The in- 

 terior is illumined by golden lamps. 



III. ETHNOLOGY OF THE PRESENT DAY. 

 Plates IV. 1-42. 



INTRODUCTION 



As in the selection of repesentations of people of the present day, regard 

 is had less to historical relation than in those referring to earlier ages, we 

 follow the same plan in the explanatory text, and devote our attention less 

 to the history than to the character, and manners, and customs of the people. 

 Nevertheless, before we pass on to particular descriptions of individual nations, 

 we must be permitted (with a reference to pi. 1) to premise some remarks upon 

 the fundamental types of the Human race. 



Assuming the fact that all men are the descendants of one common 

 ancestral pair, it cannot be denied that the numerous stocks difier from 

 each other not only in language and habits, but also in certain physical 

 characteristic marks, which also pass by inheritance without change, from 

 generation to generation, when not modified by the intermixture of different 

 stocks ; so that, however different they may appear, they may nevertheless 

 be traced back to a few^ types. Conformably to these types, therefore, 

 naturalists have divided mankind into a greater or less number of races, 

 according as they assumed a greater or less number of such types. Cuvier 

 establishes but three races ; and as we have already spoken fully of them 

 under the head of Anthropology, we will here recapitulate only the more im- 

 portant points. 



The Caucasian race is characterized by the beautiful oval of the head, the 

 ample and prominent forehead, and cheek-bones but slightly or not at all pro- 

 jecting. The ears are small and sit closely, the teeth stand vertically, the 

 jaws are moderately strong, the chin is well formed. The hair and complexion 

 vary greatly ; the former, however, is generally long and smooth, more rarely 

 curled. 



The Mongolian race is characterized by a large head elevated at the 

 crown, as also by projecting cheek-bones, flat broad face, small and ob- 

 liquely set eyes, imperfectly opened eyelids, flattened nose with wide nostrils, 

 large, broad ears, wide mouth, teeth standing straight, almost beardless 

 face, and smooth black straight hair. The color of the skin is yellowish or 

 olive-brown. 



The Negro race^ finally, has a head laterally compressed, with large 



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