126 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



than a true arch ; the nose is straight, or nearly aquiline, is continued in a 

 single right line from the forehead Avith only a small depression between the 

 eyes ; finally, the stature is of middle size. 



Pig. 3. A Tia^k, in the ancient national dress. The Turks have been 

 referred by most authors to the Tartar stock. This has a vigorous and ath- 

 letic form, somewhat short and crooked legs, dark, olive-colored complexion ; 

 the upper part of the face is broad and flat, the eyes are small, deep-sunken, 

 and standing wide apart, the eyelids thick ; the nose is much depressed, and 

 the nostrils conspicuous ; the hair is long, straight, and black ; the eve- 

 brows are bushy, and the beard (especially upon the upper lip) is thick. 

 The Turks are undoubtedly a hybrid people derived from the Tartars and 

 Mongols, having, however, received noble forms through their later inter- 

 mixture with the Mingrelians, Georgians, Circassians, and Greeks. Their 

 forehead is straio-ht, and does not stand out so boldlv as with the Greeks ; 

 still it is beautifully formed. The eyebrows and the depression between the 

 eyes are conspicuous ; the nose is long and aquiline, running out in the same 

 direction with the forehead. The eyes, w^hich are large, are placed wide 

 apart, and the inner and outer corners stand at the same height. The upper 

 lip is short, the chin full, but the distance of the chin from the angle of the 

 lower jaw very trifling. The countenance seen in front is long, and becomes 

 small below the tolerably prominent cheek bones. Viewed from the side, 

 the line from the forehead over the nose to the chin is perpendicular, as the 

 facial anorle amounts to 90 deoi;rees or thereabouts. The beard is full 

 and flowing, the expression of the physiognomy serious and dignified. 

 The skull of the Turks has a globular contour, and the posterior foramen 

 magnum, which is large, is situated near the hinder part of the base of the 

 skull. 



Fig. 4. A Cossack of the Don. The Cossacks of the Don and the Volga, 

 belonging to the same stock, appear nevertheless to have proceeded from an 

 intermixture of Tartars with Slavonians. The orbits of the skull of the Don 

 Cossacks are very deep, broad, and placed low doAvn ; the orifice for the nose is 

 wide ; the superciliary arches jut out boldly, and meet in the space .between 

 the eyes. The branches of the lower jaw are divergent and uneven, by reason 

 of the prominence of the masseters. The posterior foramen magnum is nar- 

 row, the occipital bone is very thick, and the Avhole skull possesses a marble- 

 like density and polish. 



Fig. 5. A Persian of the higher ranks. The Sanscrit stock, to which 

 the ancient Persians are referred, is of middle height or under, of delicate, 

 slender figure, with straight, handsomel}^ formed nose, mouth of moderate 

 size, thin lips, and round chin. The cuticle is usually somewhat yellow. 

 The hair is long, black, fine, and glossy. The skull is of a light, delicate 

 structure, nearly round, with prominent occipital and small cheek bones. 

 The modern Persians exhibit many of the peculiarities of the Armenian 

 (Semitic) branch, to which belongs the Arab [Bedouin) represented at fig. 

 7. This branch has an oval face, with a pointed chin, a high forehead, an 

 aquiline nose, large dark eyes, arched eyebrows, well formed mouth, and 

 long black hair, characteristics Avhich are most distinctly impressed upon 

 298 



