1)S HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



North Germans are the inliabitants of Waldeck and Schaumburg, Lippe- 

 Detmold, Oldenburg, Bremen, the three Grand Duchies of Anhalt, Bruns- 

 wick, Hanover, Hamburg, Holstein, Liibeck, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and 

 Mecklenburg-Strelitz. They are partly of ancient Friesian and ancient 

 Saxon, partly also of Wendish descent. Of Wendish descent, but ger- 

 manized, we find the inhabitants of Mecklenburg, whose line of princes is still 

 of Slavonic descent, as well as the people living in Liibeck, in Ratzeburg, in 

 Holstein proper, and in Wagrien ; of Friesian descent are the inhabitants on 

 the Oldenburg and Hanoverian coasts of the North Sea, those of Ditmarsch, 

 who live in the dikeland between the Elbe and the mouth of the Eyder. 

 Even beyond the Eyder there are people of pure German origin, but the 

 Scandinavians predominate. 



In the Duchy of Brunswick the young peasant wears a red waistcoat, 

 mounted with numerous metal buttons in two rows, a dark short jacket or 

 a coat, short breeches, and blue stockings with white clocks. A velvet 

 cap, turned up with fur, covers the head. Old peasants often wear a large 

 hat turned up at the sides and behind, a red waistcoat with one row of 

 buttons, and a white coat lined with red. The peasant girls {pi. 2, fig. 20) 

 wear on the hair combed back from the forehead a small black cap with 

 long ribands hanging down • behind ; a broad black riband, embroidered 

 with silver or set with stones, around the neck ; a bodice bordered with 

 riband, over which is placed a large white handkerchief; a light apron over a 

 frock which is dark, but bordered with bright colors ; a sash whose two ends 

 Lang down over the whole length of the apron ; and grey stockings, with black 

 clocks. 



In Brunswick-Llineberg, Wendish traces are still here and there mani- 

 fested, as well in the names of places as in pronunciation, dress, decoration 

 of the hair, marriage ceremonies, &c. The people are vigorous, temperate, 

 hospitable, and obliging. PL 3, fig. 3, represents a female peasant of 

 Liineburg. She has a handkerchief bound around the head and fastened 

 at the throat, and on this is placed a round cushion on which she carries 

 her basket. The frock has tight sleeves, and is fastened tight around the 

 breast, where it is cut out tolerably low. The inhabitants of the four 

 provinces, Kirchwerder, Altengamm, Neuengamm, and Curslac, in the 

 domain of Bergedorf, which is possessed by Hamburg jointly with Liibeck, 

 are called " Vierlander " (Four-Landers). These four lands are a fruitful 

 district on the Elbe, and here the cultivation of vegetables and fruit, as well 

 as of flowers, is practised in a superior manner. Many a farmer sells an- 

 nually 20,000 to 30,000 pounds of cherries at Hamburg, where strawber- 

 ries from the same region of the value of 50,000 to 60,000 marks ($14,300 

 to $17,000) are also sold in a year. Cattle breeding is also car- 

 ried on here, and the Vierland cows are large, handsome, and good 

 milkers. The inhabitants of Vierland, who are distinguished by their 

 peculiar fashion of dress and ceremonies, are probably the descendants of 

 colonists who immigrated in the twelfth century from the Netherlands. 

 PL 3, figs. 4 and 5, represent a Vierland man and woman. The man 

 has on an ordinary round hat ; a red waistcoat, with two rows of 

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