1G4 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



to grow long. The color generally esteemed in Russia is green, and most of 

 the uniforms of the soldiers and civil officers are of that color. Women of 

 the lowest ranks wear a short blue cloth petticoat, with a border of some other 

 color. The stomacher is fastened with one row of buttons, and upon the head 

 they wear a light-colored figured handkerchief, tied under the chin. Married 

 female villagers conceal all their hair under the handkerchief; the unmarried, 

 on the contrary, wear it combed smooth and tied tocrether at the end with a 

 riband (;;/. W^figs. 1, 2, and 4). The wives of the artisans and merchants 

 are dressed with more taste. Their peculiar caps are usually of velvet 

 trimmed with gold, and of divers forms ; the most oddly shaped are worn in 

 Kaluga. They are called '•' kokoshniks." Those worn on Sundays and holi- 

 days are made of gold brocade, and embroidered in flowers of gold and 

 silver. The highest classes are dressed like people of the same rank every- 

 where in Europe. PL 10, jigs. 4 and 5, country people of Little Russia ; 

 jigs. 6 and 7, a Russian shopkeeper and his wife ; figs. 8 — 10, fishermen 

 of the Volga ; jig. 11, wife of a citizen of Nishni Novgorod ; figs. 12 and 

 13, country people from the district of Twer ; fig. 14, girl from the 

 Ukraine ; fig. 16, peasant from the vicinity of Moscovv'. The peas- 

 ants' houses of the Russians are usually log cabins (pZ. 12, figs. 3 

 and 4). 



The villages in Russia are mostly small, but long, as they have but one 

 street. In the southern part of the Government of Yoronesh, and in many 

 other regions of Russia, hoAvever, we find also large and handsome villages, 

 where the houses are built of stone. The people of Little Russia have houses 

 of loam and wicker-work, that are whitewashed within and without. The vil- 

 lages in the military colonies present a very cheerful appearance, especially 

 those of the German colonists. 



The villages of the Don Cossacks are composed, for the most part, of well 

 built, neat houses. The dwellings of the Tartars upon the shores of the Cri- 

 mea are neater than those of the Russian common people and Poles, and their 

 roofs are generally fiat. The Esthes and Lettes do not live much better than 

 the Poles and Lithuanians. The habitations of the Finns usually present a 

 very miserable appearance ; a few holes supply the place of windows, and a 

 breach in the roof serves in place of a chimney. Those on the sea coast are 

 better than those in the interior of the country. 



The serving classes (peasants and menials) are still, as a general rule, treated 

 very harshly. The opinion that the Russian can be governed only by blows, 

 is too deeply rooted. The usual punishments are blows of the knout, in which 

 the distinction into the great and small knout is made (pZ. 11, figs. 4 

 and 5). 



Hospitality is everywhere met with in Russia, owing in a measure, proba- 

 bly, to the general cheapness of victuals, which are only more expensive in a 

 few districts. The Russians are fond of social pleasures, and hence like to 

 meet in their domestic circles for the purpose of amusing themselves. The 

 long winter evenings are devoted, in particular, to these social gatherings, 

 Avhere, after work is over, they have a very merry time of it. You 

 not unfrequently see rural farces and regular masquerades performed by 

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