192 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



or silk, hanging down behind and inclosing the hair, which is often braided 

 into a thick queue. Instead of the Arabian veil formerly customary, the 

 women wear a black or white mantilla, fastened on the head, and reaching 

 down to the sides and over the girdle behind. With ladies of rank, it is 

 of very fine blonde or point lace ; among the lower classes, of taffeta, 

 gauze, or light woollen stuffs. Women of the highest as well as the lowest 

 grades of society carry fans, and attach the greatest importance to beau- 

 tiful shoes. The common people of New Castile wear a cloth or leather 

 doublet, buttoned up and fastened with a strap ; and, upon the head, the 

 manttra^ L e. a square cap, with turned up sides and a point in front. In 

 Old Castile, the women have retained the ancient Spanish costume almost 

 entirely. They wear a robe usually broAvn, and tightly fastened at the 

 neck and Avrists, and a belt around the waist. Their braided hair is hang- 

 ing down behind ; upon the head they wear a mantera or a black beaver. 

 The country people of Salamanca {pi. 9, jig. 1, threshing-floor of the 

 peasants) wear silk bodices with pockets and open sleeves, ornamented 

 with small metal buttons, and fastened with a dark silk sash. Brown 

 cloaks, with bright colored collars, bans: in a nesrlio-ent manner over the 

 right shoulder. Both sexes wear the net {redezilla), ornamented with a 

 broad riband ; the veil of the women is fastened to the net. The necks and 

 breasts of the women are adorned with necklaces of pearls, or chains of 

 precious metals. The wristbands of the shirts are richly embroidered with 

 colored silk. The less wealthy farmer wears a dark brown doublet, 

 ornamented with small buttons and ribands, cut out in front in such a 

 manner as to show the red breast-cloth. A colored sash encompasses the 

 lower part of the body. The brown cloth breeches do not reach entirely 

 to the knee, and stockings of similar color and material reach up to them. 

 PL 9, Jigs. 1, 4, and 5, represent various specimens of the Spanish national 

 costunie. 



The Spanish national dance is the fandatigo, in use from the most 

 ancient times. It consists of systematic convulsive movements hither and 

 thither, of the entire body, expressive of the most different passions. The 

 pair of dancers beat time to it w^ith the castanets. The bolero [fig. 4) is 

 an imitation, but less impassioned. Besides these, there are other dances 

 in use, as, for example, the guaracca. the olle^ and cachirulo, the egg and the 

 staff dances. 



The greatest popular amusements of the Spaniards are the b?ill fights 

 {fig. 5, bull fight in the Grand Arena at Seville). The active persons in 

 the fight are, the toreros (bull fighters) ; the picadores (pikemen), who keep 

 the bull in action by pricking him Avith small pikes, thus raising his rage 

 to madness : the viatadores] who give the death blow to the furious bull ; 

 and the media-espada (half-swords), assistants of the matadores. Detailed 

 descriptions of these cruel and exciting amusements are to be found in almost 

 every account of travels in Spain. It must be hailed as a token of progress 

 in humanity and civilization generally, that bull fights are becoming less 

 frequent. 



The Portuguese are not large, but strongly built ; have black eyes and 

 3G4 



