212 HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY. 



of velvet. The shoes, which more resemble slippers, are likewise of 

 nankeen, &c. ; the soles of both consist merely of thick pasteboard. The 

 caps of the rich are round, short, conical, of cherry-colored satin with red 

 tassels, and frequently trimmed with costly furs. A button manufactured 

 out of a precious stone adorns the cap of officers of state, the color and 

 value of which differ according to the rank of the functionary. The 

 Chinese of ordinary rank goes either without a covering for his head, 

 or wears a short, conically shaped, wide brimmed hat, finely plaited, of 

 bamboo cane ; this is also worn in summer by people of rank. Men shave 

 their heads, leaving a tress on the crown. Women wear the whole of their 

 hair, secured with two large pins, and decorate it with other gold orna- 

 ments besides. It is combed straight up from the forehead, and fastened in 

 a knot behind. The eyebrows are colored black ; upon the under lip and 

 chin is painted a round red spot, whilst the face is generally rouged and 

 whitened very perceptibly. 



PI. 22, fig. 1, represents the Emperor of China in the imperial robes ; 

 fig. 2, Empress ; fig. 3, Chinese Mandarins ; fig. 4, Chinese ladies of the 

 court ; fig. 5, Bonzes (priests) ; fig. 6, Chinese of the inferior classes ; fig. 7, 

 Corean of the lower ranks. The inhabitants of Corea (Coreans) wear 

 short, wide, brown trowsers, long stockings, a short nankeen coat, and a 

 black pointed hat. 



The poor Chinese live principally on boiled rice or millet, with onions 

 and garlic, made greasy with rancid oil ; pure oil does not suit the taste 

 of the Chinese. These dishes are cooked and sold in the streets (pi. 23, 

 fig. 3, Rice dealer). Tea is the universal drink. Persons of distinction 

 enjoy more expensive and rarer viands, which are set on the table ready 

 carved. Instead of forks, they make use of two pointed sticks (chopsticks), 

 about twelve inches long, which are held in one hand with the thumb and 

 three of the fingers. The Chinese drink wine unmixed, not out of glasses, 

 however, but out of cups. Ceremonies are not wanting at banquets, but 

 the cheerfulness and conviviality of Europeans under similar circumstances 

 are not witnessed. More than from two to four never sit at one table. 

 The tables are arranged in two rows, in such a manner that a space 

 remains in the middle for theatrical performers. 



Opium smoking is very common, although strictly prohibited. Those 

 enjoying this luxury make use of peculiar small pipes, with exceedingly 

 diminutive bowls ; and, besides opium, the smoker keeps about him some 

 fine tobacco, which is rolled up in balls, in order to be thrust quickly into 

 the pipe, in case of the intrusion of strangers. 



The dwellings are plain, with the fronts generally turned towards the south. 

 Even country people usually have houses built of brick, but mostly only of 

 one story. The houses of men of rank have a second story for the cham- 

 bers of women. The roofs are pavilion-like, jutting out over the house, and 

 resting on pillars that sometimes form a colonnade. The tiles are often 

 fancy-colored and glazed, or overlaid with varnish. The language of the 

 Chinese does not sound agreeably ; that of the common people is divided 

 into several dialects. The learned or written language, at the same time 

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