ETHNOLOGY OF THE PRESENT DAY. 259 



F. The Caddoes, and the other nations upon the west side of the Lower 

 Mississippi, within the United States, are partly such as may be considered 

 the aborigines of this section of country, in part Indians who have immi- 

 grated at a later period from the east side of the Mississippi. 



To the aboriginal population belong : 



1. The Caddoes, who at present are settled on a tributary of the Red 

 River, about 140 miles above Natchitoches. A dialect of the Caddo 

 language is spoken by the Nandakoes, Inies, or Tackles, from whom the 

 State of Texas derives its name, and the Nabedaches ; 2. the Natchitoches, 

 50 miles from the place of that name on Red River, and the Yatassees, 

 speaking a particular language ; 3. the Adaize; 4. the Appelousas or Opelou- 

 sas ; 5. the Attacapas ; 6. the Chactoos ; and 7. the Chitimachas. 



The immigrating tribes include the Apalaches, the Alahamas, and Con- 

 chattas (Conshutas), who came from the Creeks, the Taensas, the Houmas 

 or Oumas, the Tunicas, Boluxas, Pascagoulas, and Pacanas. 



G. The Sioux speak a language akin to that of the Iroquois. They rove 

 in the country watered by the Mississippi, on the west side of this stream 

 and the Red River, from Lake Winnipago far into the interior, even to the 

 savannahs and prairies at the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains. We 

 divide them into four groups. 



1. The Winnehagoes {Puans, Otchagras, Horoje, or Hochungohrah), 

 between the Mississippi and Lake Michigan. 



2. The Sioux proper (Naudowessies, Dahcotas) are divided into seven 

 tribes, and hence call themselves Ochente Shakoans, i. e. the seven fires. 

 These tribes are : (a) Mendewahkantoans, the only one in which tillage 

 receives any attention, east of the Mississippi, between 43° and 46° north 

 latitude ; (b) the Wahkpatoans ; (c) the Wahkpakotoans ; and {d) the Sisi- 

 toans. The three western tribes are the Yanktons, Yanktoanans, and 

 Tetons. Since time immemorial, these tribes have carried on a war of. 

 extermination against all the other tribes on the Missouri, from the Man- 

 dans to the Osages : whilst the four eastern tribes, for as long a period, 

 have been the inveterate enemies of the Chippeways. The Assinihoins, a 

 Dahcota tribe, separated from the remainder of the nation, and dwelt with 

 the Algonkins ; and the Shyennes were driven from their residence on the- 

 left bank of the Red River, and settled at the sources of the Shyenne, 

 a south-western tributary of the Missouri. {PL 29, fig. 1, Sioux Indians 

 in camp ; fig. 7, horse races of the Sioux.) 



The Sioux, like all other Indians, believe in the immortality of the soul. 

 As soon as the warrior is assured of his death by the attending physician, 

 he takes leave of his relations, and orders an entertainment to be prepared 

 for those who are to deliver his funeral oration. Immediately after his 

 decease, he is dressed and placed in a sitting posture, with his weapons 

 by his side, in the midst of friends assembled around him. When the 

 necessary ceremonies have been performed, the body is deposited on a 

 kind of scaffold, as represented aifig. 2. The obsequies begin with lamen- 

 tation and howling, in which men are not permitted to shed tears, but the 

 women make up for all deficiencies on that score. Whilst this is going on, 



431 



