ETHNOLOGY OF THE PRESENT DAY. 261 



of the Dahcotas, upon the west side of the Pawnees ; on the south are 

 bounded by the Washita and Red River, and on the south-west by nomadic 

 tribes. Their hunting grounds extend westward as far as the Rocky Moun- 

 tains, but all are engaged in agriculture. The three southern tribes are, 

 the Quappas and Arkansas; the Osages (pL I, fig- 18), living on the 

 sources of the Osage and Verdigris, a northern tributary of the Arkansas, 

 and who are a numerous, powerful tribe, that waged war against all their 

 neighbors, but who have relinquished a portion of their territory for 

 the colonization of the Cherokees, Creeks, and Chocktaws ; and the Kan- 

 sas. The remaining five tribes are, the loways, Missouris or Neo- 

 jehe, the Ottoes or Wahtootahtah, the Omahaws or Mahas, and the 

 Puncas. 



H. The Pawnees, consisting of the Pawnees proper (on the Platte River, 

 to the west of the Ottoes and the Omahaws), and the Ricaras or Aricaras 

 (on the Missouri, about 650 miles below the Mandans, in latitude 46° 30'). 

 Agriculture is one of their occupations ; and they extend their hunting 

 expeditions southwardly as far as the Arkansas, and westwardly to the head 

 waters of the Platte River. 



/. The Saskachawins are two nomadic nations of the eastern declivity 

 of the Rocky Mountains, viz. the Fall, Rapid, or Paunch Indians, and 

 the Blackfeet. The former dwell the furthest towards the east ; the latter 

 are one of the most powerful Indian nations, and live in a state of constant 

 offensive warfare with all the neighboring tribes, with the exception of the 

 Knistineaux and Assiniboins, against whom they act defensively. The 

 Piekans or Picanos and the Blood Indians are subdivisions of the Black- 

 feet. Perhaps here also belong the Sussees, dwelling near a part of the 

 Rocky Mountains. 



K. The Oregon Nations, called after the River Oregon (Columbia), which 

 commands a district upon the west side of the Rocky Mountains, extending 

 from 41° to 50° north latitude. Lewis' 'divided these nations, according to 

 their languages, into three families. • 



1. The Mountaineers; including the Selipsh or Flatheads, the Oatlashut, 

 the Crow Mountain Indians, and the Tushipaw. 



2. The Uplanders ; comprising the Chopunish, the Sinmithkumanaw, the 

 Selluatpallaw, the Walla-Wallas, the Williewaw, the Wahowipums, the 

 Echillools, the Chimnapun, the Sokulks, the Chillukkutteguaw, the Chickai- 

 lish, the Ponderays, the Flathow Indians, and many others. 



3. The Indians of the Pacific coast : including the Clackamous, the 

 Umkwas, the Clatsops, the Quathlapotte, the Shilloots, the Chinooks 

 (pL 42, fig. 2, interior view of a lodge of the last mentioned), the C hilts, 

 and many others. 



The Bonnaks are mentioned as a savage, warlike nation ; the principal 

 tribe being the Sky use, in Oregon Territory, who once exercised unlimited 

 power over the neighboring tribes, but at present are barely able to extend 

 it over the Walla-Wallas and Chinooks. The Atnahs ma}^ also be ranked 

 here (in the interior, in latitude 52°), and north of them, the Nagailers or 

 Carrier Indians. 



ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPEDIA. VOL. III. 28 433 



