ETHNOLOGY OF THE PRESENT DAY. 267 



and civilization, are yet in their infancy among them ; nevertheless, they 

 display so much desire for knowledge that the best is to be hoped for the 

 future. PL SO, Jig. 5, gives a representation of the dress of males, and^^. 

 6, of females, of Guatemala. 



The Indians and other Inhabitants of South America. 



The indigenous nations of South America have in some instances an 

 olive-brown, in others a yellowish-brown color, passing by divers shadings 

 into each other, or sometimes also into copper-red ; the yellow complexion, 

 however, predominates more among the eastern nations, the brown among 

 the western and those inhabiting the interior of South America. Accord- 

 ing to Alcide d'Orbigny, the South American Indians are separated into 

 three great classes, each of the two first of which, conformably to the 

 diversity of language, is subdivided into tribes or branches : 



1. The Ando-Peruvians, inhabitants of the chain of the Andes, a. 

 the Peruvians ; h. the Antisans ; c. the Araucanians ; and d. Indians of 

 Cundinamarca (Republic of New Grenada). 



2. The Pampans, inhabitants of the great plain on the east side of the 

 Cordilleras, a. The Pampans proper, so called after the large pampas or 

 plains, that extend from Terra del Fuego to the interior of the country 

 watered by the La Plata ; b. the tribes of the Chiquitos ; and c. the 

 Moxos. 



3. The Guarani-Caribbean Stock, being the aborigines of Brazil, 

 Guiana, and Venezuela. 



The Cundinamarcans of the mountains were found by the Spanish con- 

 querors small and thick-set, copper-red ; in the plains olive-brown ; their 

 forehead little elevated and retreating ; the eye horizontal and never con- 

 tracted at its outer corner, at the same time without any expression ; the 

 cheekbones prominent, the lips thick, the beard not apparent till advanced 

 age. At the present time the Indians of New Grenada have the same 

 appearance. The ruling nation were the Muiscas, who had founded the 

 great Kingdom of Zaque, to which all the other nations from Los Pastos to 

 Panama and the Gulf of Maracaibo were subject. They w^ere more civil- 

 ized than all other neighboring nations belonging to the kingdom ; which is 

 still the case at this day among the many Indian nations of New Grenada, 

 who are distinguished by language, and by a settled or nomadic life, or as 

 hunters and fishermen. At this time they are partly civilized, converted 

 to Christianity, and distributed in Missions ; in part savage, roving in 

 entire independence through the primeval forests. 



The following tribes may with tolerable certainty be included among the 

 Cundinamarcans. \. The Muiscas {Muyscas or Mozcas), in the depart- 

 ment of Cundinamarca (Bogota, Mariquita), as well as upon the greatest 

 past of the eastern Cordilleras, and the neighboring valley provinces of the 

 Magdalena River. Settled farmers and herdsmen, proportionably of higher 

 civilization than the other tribes. {PL SO, Jig. II, girl of Bogota.) 2. The 



439 



