ETHNOLOGY OF THE PRESENT DAY. 289 



The bridge of the nose is bored through, and frequently ornamented with 

 fragrant flowers. Ear-rings, necklaces, and armlets, made of the tortoise 

 and other shells, usually constitute their ornaments. Upon certain festive 

 occasions, they sometimes paint themselves with ochre and turmeric. 

 Their food consists of cocoa nuts, bread fruit, arum, oranges, sugar cane, 

 and roots ; they partake of but little flesh, and out of the sap of the cocoa 

 palm make a kind of palm wine and syrup, cutting off* the blossom stem as 

 soon as it appears, and collecting the sap, which is copiously discharged, by 

 means of bamboo canes. Their houses consist of square, roomy buildings, 

 with four and more divisions. The foundation is of stone. Their household 

 utensils are very inartificial, but already indicative of some acquaintance 

 with Europeans and acquired necessities. In general, the inhabitants of 

 these islands are esteemed good, amiable people of nature, entirely uneducated 

 and inoflfensive. Kadu, who travelled with Kotzebue, describes them as 

 humane, grateful, affectionate, hospitable, and averse to war. Their women 

 are not treated slavishly, but with respect, and as companions of their 

 husbands. {PL 40, Jig. 4, and pi. 41, Jig. 3, men and women of the Caroline 

 Islands.) They are said to be very fond of dancing {pi. 38, Jig. 6 ; pi. 41, 

 Jig. 4), singing, and amusing games. In the Caroline Islands the people 

 believe only in invisible heavenly gods, and idols are nowhere observed. 

 In the eastern archipelago neither priests nor temples occur, nor do solemn 

 sacrifices take place ; on the western islands, on the contrary, temples are 

 built, sacrifices offered, and religious worship exists. The chiefs appear to 

 be subordinate to each other, according to a kind of feudal system ; opinion 

 elevates them high above the lower classes, and they receive extraordinary 

 respect from the latter. On all these islands a curious custom prevails 

 among the men, for two individuals to form an inviolable bond of friend- 

 ship, which is faithfully adhered to by the contracting parties. 



The Hawdians and Sandwich Islanders in general. 



In comparison wdth the preceding, the Hawa'ians and Sandwich Islanders 

 are selfish, ungraceful, uncleanly, and less hospitable, but much more 

 powerful as a nation ; and hence display more self-confidence and greater 

 cheerfulness. The chiefs, especially, are of the handsomest and strongest 

 bodily form. The females are pretty, but without attraction. The Hawa'i- 

 ans are but little tattooed, and that without regard to regularity. Men 

 shave the beard and cut the hair in the form of a helmet, the crest of which 

 is frequently tinged fair or whitish. Women wear the hair cut short, only 

 around the forehead a border of longer, bristle-like, erect hair, burnt white 

 with unslaked lime ; and sometimes, in the middle of the forehead, a fine 

 long lock, which is tinged violet and combed backwards. In general, the 

 Hawaians have remained true to their national dress, as well as their 

 ancient mode of life. Only in honor of European travellers do the chiefs 

 appear in fine English clothes. They put them on in the neatest way, and 

 imitate with good grace the manners of civilized people. For the rest, they 



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