4 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



distinguished by different insignia. Every nome was commanded by a 

 general. 



The castrametation of the Egyptians was simple. A palisade carefully 

 guarded inclosed the camp. The tent of the king or commander was upon 

 the side opposite to the entrance, in its neighborhood smaller tents for the 

 subordinates ; the tamed lion, his feet fettered, was with his keeper beside 

 the king's tent. Horses and asses were arranged symmetrically at the 

 entrance of the camp ; opposite, the chariots, baggage and equipage 

 wagons for the horses, for the asses pack-saddles with panniers. Upon 

 the right hand side of the camp was arranged the effective force, and 

 here soldiers and recruits were trained and disciplined ; upon the left 

 were the hospitals and lazarettoes. The principal exercises were per- 

 formed outside the camp. On the march the war-chariots went behind 

 and on both sides of the column, the heavy armed infantry protected by 

 their large shields in the centre ; at all exposed points the light troops 

 formed an advanced guard. 



Upon the naval force and warfare of the Egyptians we shall give details 

 under the head of Naval Sciences. 



The Phcenician Military System. Next to the Egyptians in import- 

 ance at the age of which we are treating stand the Phoenicians. All 

 knowledge of their earliest formation and first undertakings is lost, and for 

 the little we know about them we are indebted to the Bible. The Phoeni- 

 cians had established themselves on the Syrian coast upon the narrow strip 

 of land extending from Aradus to Tyre. Sidon was the oldest city, and 

 from her Tyre and other colonies were founded. 



A consolidated Phoenician kingdom indeed had never any real existence, 

 but only a league of small states which lent each other mutual assistance 

 against external foes. At the head of this confederacy stood Tyre. Car- 

 thage and Gades were the heads of other colonies. 



Of a standing army with the Phoenicians we know nothing, at least not 

 a native one ; but the small population of their cities must always have 

 compelled a resort to mercenaries in war, and accordingly the garrison of 

 Tyre consisted of Persians, Lydians, Lycians, and the contingent of 

 Aradus. The mode of warfare of the Phoenicians we learn from 



The Carthaginian Military System. Carthage, a Phoenician colony, 

 which came frequently in contact with the cultivated nations of the next 

 age, and whose origin and history were therefore studied by them, was 

 at once a land and sea power. Upon her naval strength we shall treat 

 under its proper head. 



It lay in the very nature of a state like Carthage that only a small 

 portion of her citizens could become soldiers ; these were principally the 

 distinguished and the noble ; and for them especially the cavalry were orga- 

 nized. The cavalry were lavish in expense, and were permitted to wear rings, 

 as many indeed as they had made campaigns. Diodorus tells us that in an 

 army of 70,000 men only 2500 were citizens ; but on the other hand that 

 in time of need all took arms, and that once the city of Carthage alone 

 furnished 40,000 infantry and 1000 horsemen. The Carthaginians proper 

 480 



