WARFARE OF ANTIQUITY. 11 



telarch or merarch. Four chiliarchies formed a phalanx, whose com- 

 mander was called strategos {plialangarch); the double phalanx (8,000 men), 

 however, was under a kerarck, and the quadruple (16,000) under a hege- 

 mon. The Macedonian phalanx was armed with long spears, and formed 

 with a front of five hundred files, and depth of sixteen. The term, pha- 

 lanx, was originally applied to a certain number of men, but came afterwards 

 to signify the whole army drawn up in order of battle. On both sides of the 

 phalanx cavalry was stationed, to cover the flanks. 



The front and rear rank men were called protostates and epistates ; those 

 of the inner files, parastates. For the lochages of the protostates, who had 

 ever to sustain the first attack, the strongest and bravest men only were 

 chosen ; equally important, however, were the posts of the rearmost ranks 

 (urages), who had to be brave soldiers, as, in case of attack in the rear, 

 they had to face about and repulse the foe. In the open phalanx six feet, 

 in the closed three, and in the narrow phalanx only one and a half feet 

 were assigned to each man. The last order bore much resemblance to the 

 Roman testudo (tortoise) {pi. IS, Jig. 5), only that it was quadrangular, and 

 not covered over ; although instances are found in which the circular form 

 was assumed. 



Half the phalanx was usually composed of light troops; the files were not 

 over eight deep ; two files made a systasis, two systases a pentekontarchy, 

 and two of the last a hekatontarchy (128 men) ; each hekatontarchy had in 

 addition a trumpeter [pi. 2, Jig. 9), a standard-bearer, an adjutant, and a 

 herald {Jig. 11). Two hekatontarchies were a psilagia, of which two 

 formed a xenagia (512 men), and four a systremma. Two systremmas were 

 an epixenagia, four a styphos (4,096 men), and two stypha an epitagma 

 (8,192 men), which had eight principal officers, namely: four epixenages 

 and four systremmatarchs. The peltastes were a medium between heavy 

 and light armed troops. They formed subsequently the body-guard of Alex- 

 ander, the leucaspides or argyrasjndes, so called from their silver shields. 



The cavalry, again, had a peculiar division. An He consisted of 64 

 men ; two iles were an epilarchy ; two of which, 256 men, formed a 

 tarentinarchy . The hipp arc hy coniSLined 512 men, and two of these formed 

 an ephipparchy ; two ephipparchies a tolas, and two toloi an epitagma of 

 4,096 men. Two battle-cars were a zygarchy, four a syzygarchy, eight an 

 epizygarchy, sixteen a harmatarchy, twenty-four a keras, and forty-eight a 

 phalanx. The commanders of one elephant were called zoarchs, of two the- 

 rarchs, of four epitherarchs, and of eight, that is of a turma, ilarchs. Six- 

 teen elephants were an elephantarchy, thirty-two a keratarchy, and sixty- 

 four a phalanx, which a phalangarch or elephantarch commanded. 



The movements of the troops, as well in place as on the march, were 

 very intricate. Klisis was a quarter-wheel to the right or left from a 

 halt; metabole was the half-wheel, and was made either to the right or the 

 left. Of the turnings of the phalanx we mention the wheel, epistrophe 

 {pi. 4i, fig. 1, wheel on a halted pivot), which was made from a b io a c, 

 to the right or left ; and on the outermost lochagos, a, of the halted flank 

 as a pivot. When this wheel was reversed, it was called anastrophe 



487 



