12 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



{fig- 2), and the movement was in the direction of the arrow from a d b to 

 a c. The perispasmus {fig. 3) is a double epistrophe, so that the section 

 describes a half-circle from a d h to a c. By this wheel the phalanx gained 

 its whole depth to the rear, and presented the urages instead of the lo- 

 chages to the foe. The ekperispasmus (fig. 4) is a triple epistrophe, in which 

 the section a b d moves in the direction of the arrows, a, c. Changes of 

 front were executed by countermarches as well as by wheels ; the counter- 

 march of a phalanx was either by file or by division, and each of these 

 movements could be executed in three different ways. The Macedonian 

 countermarch by file (fig- 5). The new front line is A A, the old BB ; the 

 enemy's line C. The first division makes here a metabole, while the other 

 divisions file round close to the first, in the direction from a to b, and esta- 

 blish themselves in their former order, in rear of it. The Laconian counter- 

 march by file {fig. 6) is the reverse of the preceding. AA is the new, BB 

 the old front line ; C, the enemy's position. It will be seen, that while by 

 the first movement the phalanx gains its depth to the rear, by the second it 

 gains its depth to the front. In this movement the last division, the urages, 

 remain stationary, while the other divisions, a, b, and c, file round by the 

 flanks, and establish themselves in the positions d, e, and/, when the urages 

 face about. The Cretan, Persian, or Carian countermarch by file {fig. 7) 

 differs from the others in having no changes of place, the phalanx only 

 changing its front line. The file-leaders, a, face together to the right 

 about and march, followed by their proper files, towards b, until the file- 

 leader has taken the place of his rear rank man. The Macedonian counter- 

 march by divisions {fig. 8) began always upon the flank which was nearest 

 the foe A, and finished by the former left flank becoming the right. The 

 Laconian countermarch by divisions {fig. 9) was a movement of attack, 

 and began upon the wing which was furthest from the foe A ; in this like- 

 wise the former left wing became the right, but established itself nearer the 

 foe than before. In the Cretan countermarch by divisions {fig. 10), one 

 wing took the place of the other without any change of ground. 



Another manoeuvre w^as duplication, diplasiasmus {fig. 11), and was 

 effected in two ways, either by accession of force and thus without exten- 

 sion of front, or by opening the files, so that the front a b occupied after 

 duplication the length c d. In this case the second division stepped into 

 the intervals of the first, the fourth into those of the third, &c., the odd 

 files, in short, next to the even. If, instead of the front, the depth was 

 to be increased, the files opened to the rear, and the even files stepped 

 behind the odd. 



The order of battle of the phalanx was either parallel to the enemy^ 

 or, as mfig. 12, oblique, one wing being nearer to the foe A than the other. 

 The vanguard was called protaxis, the rearguard epitaxis. 



If a section of the phalanx was thrown forward and its place supplied from 

 a supporting corps-de-reserve, this was called parembole ; but if a section 

 of the reserve attached itself to the right or left wing of the phalanx, or 

 to both {fig- 14), this manoeuvre was called prostaxis. Entaxis was when 

 the light armed fought between the heavy armed, but if the light troops 

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