14 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



The strategoi gave their commands, when possible, by the voice alone ; 

 when this was drowned by the roar of battle, they had the trumpeters 

 {pi. 2, Jig. 9), adjutants, hyperetes, and heralds (fig. 11), which last were 

 distinguished from the other troops by their dress, and were inviolable. 

 Besides these, numerous other persons were attached to the army, as the 

 field-surgeons, sutlers, and overseers of war-machines and baggage. The 

 last marched in front or rear of the army, on the right or left flank, or 

 in the centre, the latter only when attack was expected from various 

 quarters. 



The combat ended, the slain of the victors were buried, but in the 

 earliest times those of the conquered left to the beasts of prey. Afterwards 

 this usage was abandoned, and instead the Greeks often took their dead 

 home with them for burial, or burned them and sent home the ashes. At 

 the funeral and after the same, a death-feast (pi. 5, fig. 1) was held, in 

 which orators celebrated the deeds of the fallen heroes. As an instance of 

 sepulchral rites upon a grand scale, we here mention the funeral procession 

 of Alexander the Great (pi. 6, fig. 1) ordered by Ptolemy. The coffin was 

 of gold, and in it lay the king's body wrapped in spices ; over the coffin 

 was a gold-embroidered purple tapestry, and thereupon Alexander's armor. 

 Over the car arched a golden canopy set with jewels ; this was 15 feet 11 

 inches broad and 17 feet 7 J inches long. Beneath the canopy stood a throne 

 of gold adorned with raised work, and over this a crown. At each corner of 

 the arch stood a golden Victory, bearing a trophy. The peristyle of Ionic 

 columns, upon which the canopy rested, was also of gold, and behind it 

 a golden net, adorned above with paintings, which formed as it were the 

 cella of a temple, before which two lions kept watch. The whole rested 

 upon a platform which was supported on two axles, having each two 

 Persian wheels, whose naves and spokes were gilded. Golden lions'-heads, 

 holding a javelin in their jaws, formed the end of the axles. The car itself 

 was so artfully constructed, that even inequalities of the ground did not 

 disturb the perpendicularity of the structui'e. This car had four poles, and 

 to each sixteen mules were harnessed, four abreast, each mule wearing a 

 small golden horn, a jewelled neck-band, and little bell. This whole equi- 

 page made the journey from Babylon to Memphis (700 miles) without 

 accident. 



The Roman Military System. With respect to the military system 

 of the Romans in the earliest times our information is very defective, yet 

 the writings of Livy teach us that even in the age of the kings their war- 

 fare had already begun to elevate itself into a certain regularity. At the 

 time of Romulus the people were divided into three tribes of ten curice, 

 and each tribe was required to furnish 1000 foot and 100 horse. This 

 army was commanded by three tribunes. In addition to this they had 300 

 cavalry, celeres, for the king's body-guard. Under Servius TuUius, who 

 divided the people into four tribes, the strength of the legion was increased 

 to 4000 foot and 400 horse. All were divided into centuries, so that there 

 were forty centuries of foot and four of horse. Tullus Hostilius and 

 Tarquinius Priscus increased the army yet further. The armament took 

 490 



