WARFARE OF ANTIQUITY. 21 



{pi. 9, fig. 22), of wood strongly plated with metal, the nail heads forming 

 knobs, and the boss projecting into a sharp spike. The sword was very 

 short and pointed, fit only for stabbing (fig. 29). The spear had a rather 

 elongated head, either needle-shaped as fig. 26, or in the shape of a myrtle 

 leaf (fig. 25), but with a projection at the upper part which prevented 

 its penetrating too far. The spear, like fig. 26, was shorter, for throwing, 

 while fig. 25 was long and used only as a pike. War-clubs also were 

 used by the Britons as by the Gauls, sometimes set with points, as fig. 28 ; 

 sometimes quadrangular, and running out into a point, for blow and thrust, 

 as fig. 27. The battle-axe (figs. 23 and 24) was bladed only on one side, 

 and was wielded with both hands. PL 7, fig. 5, is an armed British 

 warrior. The cuirass was of leather with metal scales or rings. 



The order of battle of the Roman legion is shown in pi. 13, fig. 2, for four 

 legions. On the day of battle the Roman legion always took the centre of 

 the line, while the allies and the cavalry covered the flanks, or were held 

 in reserve. The legion was divided into its maniples, and further into 

 three lines, so that always the ten maniples of the hastati made the first 

 line, a a a, the principes the middle, ccc, and the triarii the last line, eee. 

 Between every two maniples such an interval w^as left, that the maniple of 

 the second line could march through unimpeded, and the maniples of the 

 rear ranks were opposite to the intervals of the line in front, so that the 

 principes were opposite the intervals of the hastati and the triarii opposite 

 those of the principes. This is the well known quincunx disposition, as 

 mentioned by Polybius at the battle of Zama. Between the hastati and the 

 principes was a considerable interval, bbb, the depth of a maniple, and 

 between the line of the principes and triarii another much greater, ddd, in 

 which war machines were placed. If the first line was compelled to give 

 way, it drew back into the intervals of the next, or the second advanced 

 for reinforcement into the intervals of the first. The light troops, bowmen 

 and slingers (pi. IS, fig. 2 hhh), commenced the attack. The reserve we 

 see stationed in the great legion-interval of the triarii. Were the two fore- 

 most lines compelled to retreat upon the triarii, then the army fought in 

 one line, from behind which the light troops, with slings, darts, and arrows, 

 galled the advancing foe. On the flanks were the cavalry, //, and the 

 allies and confederates, g. At i was the position of the chief oflicers, the 

 eagles, the tribunes, the first maniple of the triarii, and the 41ite of the con- 

 federate infantry and of the cavalry. 



Fig. 6 shows the Carthaginian order of battle with elephants, as it was 

 assumed before a hostile position ; a was the position of the enemy ; b, the 

 entrenchment before it ; c, the infantry, and d, the war elephants, which 

 advanced through the intervals of the infantry ; e, are the columns of 

 cavalry. 



When an action was victoriously ended, the general lauded the assembled 

 warriors, embraced the leaders, and thanked them and the army (pi. 11, 

 fig. 2). Those who had distinguished themselves by especial bravery in 

 the fight were personally praised and rewarded. The rewards were vari- 

 ous. Particularly remarkable among these are the crowns : 1. The 



ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPAEDIA. VOL. III. 32 497 



