22 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



triumphal crown, or crown of victory, of laurel leaves at first and after- 

 wards of gold {pi. 10, figs. 16, 17), which was presented to the general by 

 the confederates and nations, and in the triumph was borne foremost. 

 2. The corona ohsidionalis {fig. 18), which was given to him who had 

 relieved a besieged city or camp ; it was woven of grass from the rescued 

 place, and was a very precious reward, as it was seldom given. 3. The 

 civic crown {pi. 10, fig. 19) of golden oak leaves, was given in war to a 

 citizen who had saved the life of a fellow citizen, and bore the inscription, 

 " Ob civem servatum;" it was one of foremost distinction ; all others were 

 inferior to it, though it was the same whether the life preserved was that 

 of a peasant or a king. 4. The mural crown, received by him who in the 

 assault first mounted the wall of a besieged city ; it was of gold. 5. An- 

 other mural crown {fig. 22), given to him who first scaled the enemy's 

 entrenchment. 6. The naval crown (fig. 23) was the reward, after a sea- 

 fight, of those who first boarded an enemy's ship ; some part of a vessel 

 was represented upon it ; this, like the mural crown, was of gold. The 

 myrtle crown {fig. 21) was of myrtle leaves and oval ; the general wore it 

 when he marched triumphant into Rome. 



On a victory gained, medals were struck also, having the likeness of the 

 general and other emblems, with an inscription touching the facts ; figs. 24 

 and 25 give such medals ; the first was struck by the Senate on the victory 

 of Trajan over the Dacians, the second for a victory over the Germans. 

 The Greeks erected trophies upon the field of battle. The Romans also did 

 this, and the trophies were always made of conquered arms, with inscriptions 

 commemorating incidents of the campaign or battle. The generals had 

 such trophies made of marble also, and set up in Rome. Two of these 

 {figs. 26 and 27) have come down to our own time, and Pope Sixtus V. 

 adorned the Capitol wdth them. Triumphal columns also were erected in 

 memory of great victories, and for sea-fights naval columns, which were 

 adorned with the beaks of captured ships. For the victory of the land 

 forces similar columns were erected, and the most remarkable of these are 

 still in existence, one to Antoninus Pius, and one to the Emperor Trajan 

 after the conquest of the Dacians, both in Rome. Fig. 28 represents the 

 last; it is 118 feet high, and consists of 34 blocks of marble; upon its 

 summit stood a statue of the emperor, 23 feet in height, now replaced by 

 an image of St. Peter ; within the column is a winding stair, which is 

 lighted by 43 small openings ; on the shaft the victories of Trajan are 

 represented in half relief, 2500 figures, which for the study of ancient 

 costume, manners, customs, and arrangements, are of the greatest value. 



The triumph was the greatest honor which the Roman people could 

 extend to its generals. PL 11, figs. 3, 4, 5, and pL 6, fig. 2, give repre- 

 sentations of such triumphal processions. The general to whom a triumph 

 was awarded must be at least Praetor, Consul, or Dictator, and a Roman 

 citizen ; the victory must have been gained over a nation, not over pirates, 

 robbers, or the like ; not less than 5000 of the foe must have fallen, and 

 the enemy must not have been defeated in a foreign province. The gene- 

 ral solicited the triumph, and it was either the great triumph, in triumphal 

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