WARFARE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 41 



in iron ; the figures and edges gilded ; housings and cover are of black 

 velvet, richly embroidered with gold ; the stirrups of gilded iron. 



The warrior garb of the middle ages had transformed itself, in the course 

 of centuries, from the severe simplicity of the old Germans, until, in the 

 time of the Emperor Maximilian, it reached the extreme of pomp and cost- 

 liness. Broadcloth, silk, and velvet, were the stuffs from which the garments, 

 often with a superfluity of material, were made ; costly embroideries in silk, 

 silver, gold, and pearls, adorned the surcoats at jousts, tournaments, and pro- 

 cessions ; and the barrett-cap, which it was then the wont to substitute for 

 the helmet, the last being carried by a page in the rear, flaunted with rich 

 plumes of all colors. The helmet, too, which had sometimes a cover of its 

 own, the helm-case of the same color with that in the escutcheon, bore also, 

 where no particular crest was taken for it from the arms, the richest plumes. 

 The squires and pages likewise were clad usually in the colors of their knight, 

 while the men-at-arms were equipped according to their means and taste. 

 A surcoat, usually richly embroidered, was generally worn by the knights 

 over the cuirass ; it reached half way to the knee, had short sleeves, and 

 was sometimes open at the breast to show the breast-plate. 



PI. 17, figs. 5 and 6, are two groups of foot-soldiers, from the triumphal 

 processions of the Emperor Maximilian, after Albrecht Durer's wood-cuts ; 

 figs. 3 and 4, two groups of knights on foot, completely armed, and wearing 

 the above-mentioned surcoats. m pi. 18, figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10, are four 

 groups of ensign and standard bearers, of different cities and districts of the 

 German empire, on richly adorned horses. It is seen here how the horses, 

 when not equipped for battle, were covered with rich housings. At tour- 

 naments, also, such housings were general, and they were then arranged 

 according to the color of the escutcheons, or they held devices and various 

 figures {figs. 8 and 10), or else rich embroidery, as fig. 4. Upon the ban- 

 ners and standards the arms of the cities or districts, or sometimes only 

 devices and mottoes, were embroidered. Among the standards represented 

 here are those of Steiermark and the two Austrias {fig. 10), of Frioul, An- 

 dechsum, and Tockenburg {fig. 9), of Kirchberg, Ravenstein, and Wald- 

 hausen {fig- 8), and of Saalgaw, Bregenz, and Fischbach {fig. 7), bearing 

 the arms of the cities and districts. Musicians on horseback we find in 

 pi. 17, fig. 10, having cases with them for their instruments. 



From the entrance of Charles V. into Bologna, after Lucas Kranach's 

 woodcuts, figs. 7 and 8 show the Spanish knight with the mallet and the 

 imperial banner-bearer; pi. 18, figs. 1 and 2, the herald of the Golden 

 Fleece and the gold-scattering herald ; figs. 3, 4, and 5, the banner bearers 

 of the city of Rome, of the emperor, and of the pope ; fig. 6, the banner 

 bearer of Bologna with his suite. 



The picture in fig. 11 may serve us as the conclusion of this period in 

 warfare, presenting, as it does, a lively representation of an army as it 

 appeared at the close of the fifteenth century. The marching forth of an 

 army from its camp is here depictured ; the general-in-chief with the 

 standard, which flutters gaily in the morning breeze, stands upon a rising 

 ground, surrounded by his leaders and attendants, beside the last tents 



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