44 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



custom of war of the first regular European infantry, from which by various 

 modifications the infantry of all modern nations has originated. 



As to cavalry, the Emperor Charles created — for until his time only 

 individual knights had fought with the armies — whole regiments after the 

 fashion of the French " compagnies d'ordonnance" and " hommes d'armes," 

 which were raised by any distinguished prince of the empire, with the 

 imperial commission. Noble birth was not required. The choice of 

 captains and officers was left to the field-marshal, for so the general 

 of cavalry was entitled, to distinguish him from the general of infantry. 

 As soon as the cavalry service ceased to be peculiar to the nobles, a 

 regimental organization very similar to that of the landsknechts was 

 introduced. 



It was the Emperor Maximilian who first placed the artillery upon a 

 formidable footing, and created the proper artillery corps in the army : but 

 it was long after ere any degree of mobility was given to it, and this 

 was first effected by the Emperor Charles V. The general of ordnance 

 (Oherfeldzeugmeister) had the whole artillery, with all artificers and gunners, 

 under his command; next to him came his lieutenant and the master of 

 ordnance (Zeugmeister) and his halberdiers and apprentices (Jungen). 

 The gunner {Buchsenmeister) had charge of a piece, and must understand 

 laying it by the quadrant. The artificer, armorer, and inspector [Zeugwart) 

 had charge of all the materials for a piece ; the wagon-master commanded 

 the whole baggage train, and that was not small, for the battering-gun 

 (Scharfmetze), which weighed five tons and threw a ball of 100 lbs, weight, 

 required 33 horses, and the ammunition 32 wagons with 163 horses, &c. 

 The harness-master took care of the teams, the powder-master of the ammu- 

 nition. Finally the pioneer and pontoon train, which the perfected service 

 of the artillery required, were commanded by the trench-master (Schanz- 

 meister). Bridge-masters and their people were called hurryers {Schneller). 



C. WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 



With the invention of gunpowder commenced a new era in Europe ; not 

 in armies and warfare alone, but in the whole civil constitution of society a 

 total transformation was begun, which proceeded not, it is true, with start- 

 ling violence, yet all the more securely. Although, at first, gunpowder was 

 used only for heavy artillery, of which the largest armies would have but a 

 few pieces, so that, for two hundred years after its invention, its employ- 

 ment was still very rare, and effected no striking change in warfare, or in 

 modes of attack and defence ; yet this change was brought about so soon as 

 the weapon was constructed of proportions small enough to be handled by 

 a single man. The first effect was to lighten the whole equipment. The 

 fire-arm threw its shot to great distances, and thus the long lances and 

 swords lost all value, and were both made shorter and lighter. The com- 

 mon means of protection against blow and thrust, the cuirass, shield, and 

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