46 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



and excellently organized. Frederick William I. introduced the rigid mili- 

 tary discipline and most of the institutions which still prevail, especially the 

 cantonment service, &c. At his death (1740) the army numbered 76,000 

 men. Frederick the Great gave his military regulations in 1743, and 

 under him the modern tactic was really introduced. To the cavalry the 

 king gave special attention, and Ziethen was the creator of the Prussian 

 hussars, while Seidlitz organized the cavalry tactics. The artillery was 

 newly constituted in 1759, and the organized horse- artillery brigades 

 came forward in 1769, as an entirely new arm. The army consisted 

 at that time of 120,000 infantry, 40,000 cavalry, 10,000 artillery, and 

 30,000 garrison troops. Under Frederick William II., the army, despite the 

 French revolution, did not increase materially; for, at his death, it contained 

 only 182,000 infantry, 41,000 cavalry, and 12,000 artillery. His successor, 

 Frederick William III., created an entirely new army, after Napoleon, by 

 the Treaty of Tilsit, had limited the Prussian force to 42,000 men. Prince 

 William of Prussia, and Gen. von Scharnhorst, conducted the new organi- 

 zation ; foreigners were discharged, and the people became the soldiers, 

 every son of the soil being subject to military service. The cadet estab- 

 lishments were improved, and upper and lower military schools erected. 

 By a rapid exchange of personnel in the small standing army {Kremper 

 system) an immense disciplined force was prepared, and thus, in 1813, a 

 trained army of 150,000 men could be immediately put on foot, which was 

 increased in two months by the landwehr (reserve) to 250,000, and from 1813 

 to 1815, Prussia had one million of men- under arms. At present, Prussia's 

 military organization is on the greatest scale, her power resting as much on 

 the troops of the line, as on the completely trained and practised landwehr. At 

 present, the Prussian army, exclusive of the " garde du corps,'' is organized 

 into four army-divisions, each of two army-corps, containing each two 

 divisions of two brigades, one of infantry and one of cavalry. Every bri- 

 gade consists of two regiments and one landwehr brigade. In addition to 

 these, each army-corps has one artillery brigade, one pioneer division, one 

 combined reserve-battalion, one light infantry and rifle division of two com- 

 panies, one reserve landwehr battalion, one reserve landwehr squadron, two 

 invalid companies, six half-invalid sections, one army -gendarmerie com- 

 mand. The field strength of the army-corps is 28,000 infantry, 5,200 

 cavalry, 5,000 artillery, and 750 pioneers. 



The infantry consists of two regiments of the guard, two grenadier regi- 

 ments, one battalion riflemen of the guard, one light infantry battalion of the 

 guard, and one infantry battalion of instruction (the last assembled only in 

 summer), one combined reserve-battalion of the guard, thirty-two infantry 

 regiments of the line of three battalions (two line and one light battalion), eight 

 reserve infantry regiments of two battalions, four rifle and four light infantry 

 divisions, and eight combined reserve-infantry-battalions. Each battalion has 

 four companies, with 6 officers, 20 non-commissioned officers, 4 musicians, 2 

 baggage men, and 226 men, and is, therefore, 258 in the aggregate. In peace, 

 only about half of these are under arms. With the staff*, the surgeons, the 

 commissariat, musicians, &c., a regiment of the guard contains 3,143, a 

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