WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 67 



white pantaloons. Fig. 14, an officer; fig. 15, a private of lancers or 

 Ulans, 2d regiment ; blue pantaloons and jackets, with yellow breast-facings, 

 collars, cuffs, and skirt-facings, yellow stripes also on the pantaloons, and 

 yellow shakos, with white horse-hair tuft; white belts and epaulettes, 

 white cap-cord (officers silver and silver sashes), lance with pennon, yellow 

 above, red below ; blue shabrack, with yellow trimmings, black saddle cover. 

 PL 22, fig. 10, cuirassier officer : double, white, polished cuirass, iron 

 helmet, with horse-tail and white feather plume, long straight sword 

 (Palasch), blue pantaloons and jacket, with yellow collar, skirt-facings, and 

 edgings, and yellow stripes on the pantaloons ; silver epaulettes, blue sha- 

 brack, with white binding. Fig. 13, officer of the regiment of guides : 

 green pantaloons and jacket, with green, white-edged collar and cuffs, 

 and white stripes on the pantaloons, pink breast and skirt-facings, silvei 

 epaulettes and cap-cord, white belts ; high, upright, bear-skin cap, with red 

 calpac and white feather plume, and also, for ordinary service, a black 

 shako ; green shabrack, with white trimmings, saddle cover of white sheep- 

 skin, bound with red. 



The artillery consists of three regiments, who man altogether 15 batteries 

 with 130 pieces 6-and 12-pounders and howitzers. 7^/^. 16 is an officer ; 

 fig. 17 a private of flying artillery. Uniform : dark blue pantaloons and 

 jacket, with red-edged collar, red cuffs, skirt-facings, and stripes on the 

 pantaloons, and red epaulettes, cap-cord, and shako trimmings (gold for 

 officers) ; belts white, with yellow grenades, black shako, with brass cross 

 cannon, black horse-hair tuft ; blue shabrack, with red binding (for officers 

 gold). Arms : curved sabre and pistols. To the above artillery must be 

 added : 1 squadron artillery train, 1 company pontoniers, 1 companv 

 artillery artificers, 1 company artillery armorers. 



The engineer corps consists of two batteries of sappers and miners. 

 Figs. 18 and 19 are officers; fig. 20 is a private of the engineer corps. 

 Arms : short bayonet-musket and sabre. Uniform : blue coat and panta- 

 loons (the latter white in summer), the coat edged with red, with grenades 

 on the skirts, pantaloons with broad red stripes ; red epaulettes and shako 

 trimmings (gold for officers) ; grenade on front of shako. 



The English Military System. In England, even when Scotland and 

 Ireland were united with her, there was for centuries no standing army, 

 but the inhabitants capable of bearing arms were called together when a 

 war commenced, and disbanded again when the war was concluded. Thus 

 was it still, on the side of the people, even in the civil war, although the 

 king had then a kind of standing army. Afterwards, the army was 

 increased, and at the time of the seven years' war it amounted to 100,000 

 men. In the French revolution the army was yet further increased, and 

 had risen in 1805 to 200,000 men, and in 1814 to more than 450,000. The 

 king is commander-in-chief of the army, and the Parliament has no share in 

 the control or organization of the same, the general whom the king appoints 

 to the command being responsible to him alone. The secretary of war has 

 to do only with the financial relations. Without consent of Parliament, no 

 standing army at all can be brought on foot, and the present one is granted 



533 



