WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 63 



non-commissioned and subaltern officers wear jackets, corded with red, for 

 the cavahy. The guard has breast-facings, with gold lace. Besides this, 

 there are other cavalry, whose dress approaches nearer to the old Mussulman 

 garb. The head-covering is, with few exceptions, the Turkish red fez, with 

 blue tassels. The pantaloons are blue, very full, with red stripes (gold for 

 officers); in summer grey linen. A part of the cavalry has full white panta- 

 loons, with high boots ; but, with this exception, the dress for the feet con- 

 sists of shoes and socks. Up to this time only officers wear stocks ; the 

 staff-officers wear capotes, with red collars. All in authority are distinguished 

 by a crescent and star suspended on the breast ; generals and staff-officers 

 have them of diamonds, distinguished from one another by size and position ; 

 on the subaltern officers they are of gold, and for the non-commissioned 

 silver. The staff-officers wear at present full gold epaulettes, the generals 

 with bouillons. Belts black; the waist belt with brass plate. The officers 

 have red, the non-commissioned officers white baldrics, worked with gold. 

 Except on service, no weapon is carried usually. The liability to service 

 is general, and the period five years. PL 23, fig. 11, is an officer of guard- 

 cavalry ; fig. 12, an artillery officer ; fig. 13, an infantry soldier ; and^^. 14, 

 shows officers of the regular line-infantry ; fig. 15, a non-commissioned 

 officer of the Egyptian heavy cavalry; figs. iQ and 17, men of the Egyptian 

 light cavalry. 



The Various Kinds of Arms. 



For the better understanding of various weapons, parts of dress, and 

 army-implements, we have brought together a great number of such objects 

 on/}/. 25. 1. Cutting weapons : a, cavalry swords; fig. 18 ^ French heavy 

 cavalry sword, pattern of 1803, with iron scabbard ; the blade {fig. 18^) has 

 two grooves, and is ground to a point obliquely from the edge to the back ; 

 the cross section of the same, with a view of the hilt and basket seen from 

 above, is shown in fig. 18". This is also the sword of the Austrian heavy 

 cavalry. The French heavy cavalry sword pattern of 1816 {fig. 19*) has 

 likewise an iron scabbard ; the blade {fig. \^^) has also a double gutter 

 {fig. 19'), but it is ground to a point from both sides; hilt and basket 

 (fig. 19') are like the first also, but somewhat slighter. This sword is car- 

 ried also by the Prussian heavy cavalry. The French heavy cavalry 

 sword, pattern of 1822, the newest pattern {fig. 20"), has also an iron scab- 

 bard, but is somewhat longer, and the blade {figs. 20 ^ 20°) is slightly curved 

 to the back ; the grooves, also, are narrower, whereby the cutting wedge, 

 which before was very blunt, becomes sharper. The basket (fig. 20") is 

 made stronger below, h. Curved sabres : the sabre of the French light 

 cavalry, pattern of 1803 (fig. 21"), has an iron scabbard, and is very heavy ; 

 the blade {fig. 21 ^ 21") has one broad groove, tapers somewhat sharply to 

 the point, and is strongly curved backwards. The hilt (fig. 21") has three 

 strong bows and no stool, and the gripe has a rivet through the tang. The 

 same blade, but with a single bow instead of the basket, is used by the 



539 



