WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. G9 



leaped without assistance ; wider ones by means of the leaping- pole ; if still 

 wider and there are strong beams to lay over them, they are crossed as in 

 G, a ; if the beams are weaker, with the body in a horizontal position, as b, b, 

 silting aside or crosswise, as c, c, or a rope can be stretched across and 

 fastened to a higher point on the opposite side, upon which men then clam- 

 ber over, as at d, d. A wall can be scaled by means of the pyramid (e, e) 

 of more or fewer men, according to the height (//, k) ; or by the climbing- 

 holes (g, g) ; or by the knotted rope (h h), or the rope ladder (/ i). When the 

 top is reached, the descent on the other side (jig. 41) is made by leaping 

 down from small elevations, or else knotted ropes or rope-ladders are fastened 

 to props or hooks, and the men climb or are lowered down by these. 



Corporal Exercises. These are designed to give greater flexibility to 

 the body ; they consist, first, of exercises in running and swinging with a 

 rope, which fastened to an elevated point at one end is outstretched by the 

 man who holds it at the other going backwards until he just touches the 

 ground with his toes ; in this position the running in a circle and various 

 other running and swinging exercises are performed. Another of these 

 exercises is the swinging over a ditch or river; a frame is erected on one 

 bank of a height proportionate to the breadth of the stream {fig. 5), and in 

 this a hook is fixed, from which hang two ropes ; the man who desires to 

 leap over the stream steps upon a somewhat elevated platform {fig. 9), 

 takes one of the ropes and holds it so that the end hangs loose over his 

 back, while he grasps the rope with both hands outstretched and leans 

 backwards as far as possible ; he then lifts his feet and thus leaves his stand- 

 ing-place {fig- 11) swinging pendulum-like forward to the other side of the 

 obstacle, upon reaching which he lets go of the rope and goes on his way 

 {fig. 10), the rope falling back again to the side whence he came {fig, 12). 

 The second rope serves for another man. 



Exercises of the bars and the horizontal pole form a very important part 

 of these corporal exercises. The bar on which the first is made consists of 

 two beams fixed upon posts not very far apart, and in such a manner that 

 they can be raised or lowered according to the height of the exercisers. 

 The exercises are various. The horizontal pole is a peculiar apparatus, 

 which is represented on the right hand side, upper part, of pi. 26. Of the 

 numerous exercises upon this we shall mention only the under-grip {fig. 

 34), in which the pole is grasped by the hands in such a manner that both 

 thumbs are not turned to the same side, but away from each other and 

 outwards, while the hands seize the pole on the outside and from below 

 upwards ; in this position the hand-hang is practised. The knee-hang is 

 shown {fig. 39), and can also be made with one knee while the other is 

 swung over the pole or hangs below it. The hang-recumbent {fig. 38) is 

 executed by seizing the pole with both hands and swinging the body for- 

 wards and upwards, passing at the same time the right leg over the pole, 

 then dropping the hold with the left hand, slipping the right arm over the 

 pole to the elbow, and so remaining suspended at length by the right elbow 

 and right knee. The side seat {fig. 35) can be so executed that one hand is 

 before, the other behind the body. From this position many turnings and 



ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPiEDIA. — VOL. III. 36 545 



