AVARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 81 



by means of which a position may be taken, without wheeling or counter- 

 marching, which is either directly opposite to the first or perpendicular to 

 it. The formation by file can be made, on the same ground, either 

 forwards or backwards, but on the march it can be effected only forwards 

 and from the march by a flank. It can be made from the front and flank 

 forwards by the half- face, backwards by face and a half; the fugle- 

 man from whom the formation starts forms the base on which it is made. 

 For the file formation on the same ground the command is, " By files right 

 (left), march !" (Jig. 5) whereupon the right (left) fugleman faces to the 

 right, but all the rest of the files half- face to the right. On the command 

 " March !" the fugleman remains halted, and the rest move forward in the 

 direction of the half-face until they arrive on the new line (the dotted line 

 in our figure), when they assume the touch and dress. This formation 

 can be made by sections also {fig. 6). In our figure the formation is made 

 to the left ; the whole line faces about, section 1 makes a quarter wheel and 

 then fronts. The other sections wheel on a centre pivot and march on the 

 diagonal to the new alignment, where they halt, front, and dress on 

 the 1st section. (In our figure, by an error of the engraver the numbers 

 on the new (dotted) line are in reversed order, so that No. 1 comes where 

 No. 8 should be, &:c.) The file-formation backwards is made by the com- 

 mand, " By file right backwards march !" At this the right fugleman, who 

 is the base of formation, faces to the left-about, the others make a face 

 and a half to the right. At the word "March!" the fugleman remains 

 standing, all the others step out ; the rear rank file of the fugleman passes 

 round him and establishes himself on the new alignment in his rear, the 

 others pass over the shortest line on to the new direction, where they halt, 

 front, and dress on the base which is already established in it, the second 

 rank passing by files into the rear of the first. When the file-formation is 

 to be made from the march by a flank, the leading file halts at the word 

 " March !" the others make a half-face to the left and come up in the 

 diagonal upon the new line, where they halt and dress upon the resting flank. 



To put divisions of troops in march there is a great variety of methods. 

 The march may be with unchanged front (forward march), or with altered 

 front (march to the rear, oblique march, flank march) ; it can be with full 

 front (front march), or with broken front (by companies, platoons, or sec- 

 tions). In the front march (battalion forward march in line of battle) 

 the dress is always on the color, which with the color section is in the cen- 

 tre. The color and the officers, in this case, step forward and take the 

 direction, while the whole line follow them. In the march to the rear in 

 line of battle the whole fine faces about, the color and officers pass to the 

 front, and the march is made as before. The flank march is made only to 

 the right or left, and when concluded the proper front is resumed. 



The march with broken front is either by companies, platoons, or sec- 

 tions. The front is broken by the command : " By companies, platoons, 

 or sections, right or left wheel !" If the march is to be made forward and 

 from the right flank {pi. 29, fig. 12) then the command is : " By companies, 

 right wheel ; first company forward !" and at the word, " March !" the first 



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