WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 85 



the others establish themselves upon it in the same manner as before 

 explained. Sometimes the column is formed to the left in such a manner 

 that the first companies have faced to the left and established themselves in 

 rear of the last (left in front), then the line of battle is re-formed by deploy- 

 ment to the right and coming into line by the right face. If a column, 

 formed on the first company, is on the march to the rear, and is to be 

 established on the alignment of the last company with the front to the 

 enemy {pi. 29, fig. 21), the column is first countermarched by companies, 

 then deployed by the right and with right face, but brought into line by 

 the left face. 



A column can change its direction in march by advancing the shoulders, 

 the fugleman of the first company moving with short steps into the new 

 direction, the other files conforming themselves to him by degrees. If, for 

 example, a new alignment is to be established upon the first company, at 

 an angle of 45° with the old (fig. 22), the first company moves on the com- 

 mand, " Left shoulders forward !" on to the new alignment which has been 

 indicated by guides ; as soon as the column has re-established itself again, 

 covering the first company, the deployment is made by the left, and the 

 companies brought into line by the right face. If instead of the eighth part 

 of a circle the change of direction is to be the fourth part (fig. 23), the right 

 hand fugleman of the first company makes a full face in the required direc- 

 tion, the guides are established to the left and dressed on him, the column 

 is then faced and led by the flank upon the new direction. 



In the passage of a defile or over a bridge when a new line of battle is to 

 be formed to the front immediately upon emerging from the defile (fig. 30), 

 one company (the fourth in this case) is marched by the front across the 

 defile and established upon the new line, then the other companies face to 

 the right and left and march by the flank, two at a time, through the defile, 

 until their leading flanks come opposite to their place in the new line, when 

 they establish themselves upon this by a_file formation to the front on 

 each side of the standing company. 



The echelon order (fig. 32) is now seldom introduced ; it consists in 

 this : single companies are arranged one behind the other obliquely, like 

 steps, while the principal part of the order of battle forms the proper front 

 of attack. The echelon may be formed also from the centre, producing a 

 kind of wedge-shaped order. Fig. 34 shows on the left half in the hatched 

 part a front of 6 companies in parade order, in three ranks, with the 

 file-closers, &c., in the rear. The remainder of the figure represents 

 the passing in review of these companies. After the parade is formed 

 and has saluted, the command is given : " Pass in review ; first company 

 forward ; by companies, right wheel, march !" upon which the captains 

 pass to the front of their companies, and the flank officers or non-commis- 

 sioned oflicers take their places. The first company marches direct to the 

 point until it has gained company distance, the others wheel to the right, 

 and then all halt. The guides (markers) are established at the wheeling- 

 points as points of direction. On the command, '•' Parade, march !" the 

 companies move direct to the front, only the second wheels immediately, 



ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPEDIA. VOL. III. 36 561 



